State of Washington v. Douglas Virgil Arbogast

FILED
DECEMBER 24, 2020
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHIINGTON, )
) No. 36250-7-III
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
DOUGLAS VIRGIL ARBOGAST, ) OPINION PUBLISHED IN PART
)
Appellant. )
SIDDOWAY, J. — Douglas Arbogast was convicted of attempted child rape after
responding to an ad placed by a Washington State Patrol (WSP) task force sting
operation. The State persuaded the trial court that Mr. Arbogast was not entitled to an
entrapment instruction unless he presented evidence sufficient to permit a reasonable
juror to find entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence, citing State v. Trujillo, 75
Wn. App. 913, 917, 883 P.2d 329 (1994). It persuaded the court that Mr. Arbogast
should not be allowed to present evidence of his law-abiding past or argue his lack of
criminal predisposition unless he presented evidence sufficient to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that WSP officers used more than a “normal amount of
persuasion” in their communications with him.
The procedure prevented Mr. Arbogast from presenting evidence and obtaining an
entrapment instruction to which he was entitled. In the published portion of this decision,
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we reject Trujillo’s standard, hold that Mr. Arbogast was wrongly prevented from
presenting “lack of predisposition” evidence, reaffirm that a trial court’s decision whether
to instruct on entrapment cannot be based solely on law enforcement’s conduct to the
exclusion of the defendant’s lack of predisposition, and reverse and remand for a new
trial.
In the unpublished portion of this decision, we reject Mr. Arbogast’s contention
that all or some of the charges against him should be dismissed for outrageous
government conduct or proof of entrapment as a matter of law. Addressing his pro se
statement of additional grounds, we reject a claim of insufficient evidence and address
instructional and discovery issues likely to arise in a retrial.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In July 2017, members of the Washington State Patrol Missing and Exploited
Children Task Force undertook a “Net Nanny” sting operation in the Tri-Cities by
placing ads in the now-defunct “Casual Encounters” section of Craigslist.1 A member of
the task force would later describe the Casual Encounters section as “designed for no-
strings-attached sex.” Report of Proceedings (RP)2 at 881-82. “Quite a few” different
1
As testified to at trial, Craigslist took down its personal ads in response to federal
legislation. See H.R. 1865, the Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking
Act of 2017, which became Public Law No. 115-164, 132 Stat. 1253, on April 11, 2018.
And see https://www.craigslist.org/about/FOSTA [https://perma.cc/KVQ2-7XTE].
2
Unless otherwise indicated, RP references are to the report of proceedings that
begins with proceedings on August 2, 2017, and includes most of the trial proceedings.
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ads were placed by the WSP during the Tri-Cities sting operation, including ads from
fictional children (female and male) who were themselves looking for sex. RP at 976.
The ad involved in this case was placed by an adult, however: a fictional mother.
The ad was reached if a Casual Encounters user clicked a “w4m” (woman for men)
hyperlink. It read:
Mommy loves to watch family fun time. Looking for that special someone
to play with. 100%. I know this is a long shot but I have been looking for
this for a long item [sic] and haven’t had any luck looking for something
real and taboo. If this is still up then I am still looking. send me your name
and your favorite color so I know you are not a bot. i like to watch ddlg
daddy/dau, mommy/dau, mommy/son.
Ex. 1.
Sergeant Carlos Rodriguez, who planned the logistics for the Tri-Cities sting and
wrote the “mommy” ad, acknowledged at the trial below that the ad was cryptic and
might not be recognized as advertising sex with children, explaining that a more overt
advertisement would be removed immediately by Craigslist. He testified that terms in the
ad (taboo, ddlg, daddy/dau, mommy/dau, mommy/son) had connotations for child
predators whose meaning he learned through his training for and experience in sting
operations. He agreed that the task force received responses to the “mommy” ad from
people who were not looking to have sex with children.
Then-70-year-old Douglas Arbogast e-mailed a response to the ad with his name
and favorite colors, “Doug and black&white” at 1:56 p.m. on July 5. Ex. 2. He would
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later testify that after discovering the Casual Encounters section of Craigslist a couple of
years earlier, he had responded to a half dozen “woman for man” ads because sex had
become painful for his wife of 48 years after her hysterectomy. Responding to such ads
paid off once, a couple of months earlier, when he responded to a woman who said she
wanted to “meet a man and become his whore for the night.” RP at 1356. He met the
50-year-old woman at a local motel for sex.
On receipt of Mr. Arbogast’s response to “mommy’s” ad by the task force, it was
passed on to WSP Detective John Garden, who undertook the sham communication that
followed. Mr. Arbogast was pleased when, in the late afternoon, he saw a reply he had
received some time earlier to the “mommy” ad:
hi doug [smiley face emoji] I am brandi . . . are u a
black and white kind of guy? 4:14 PM
Ex. 2. He responded at 5:27 p.m.:
Yes I am. If guessed photography that is why . . . I
do B&W Picts So I up for anything if you are 5:27 PM
Id. Brandi quickly replied:
Let’s talk and see if you are interested in my
situation. would u mind texting me your name
DOUG to 5096202098 so I know its u . . . . i really
would rather text than email. 5:29 PM
Id. (Misspellings, punctuation, and capitalization here and in communications hereafter
are original.)
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Mr. Arbogast responded:
Ok, give me a few to get back at you in text mode. 5:49 PM
Id. Mr. Arbogast exchanged his iPad for his phone and at 5:54 p.m. began
communicating with Brandi by text:
5:54:03 PM ... ... Incoming Hi. I’m Doug. What’s happening?
6:00:46 PM ... ... Outgoing thank u so much better to text
did you read my last email. i dont want to waste our
6:01:18 PM ... ... Outgoing time if this isnt for you. i really wnt to find the match
6:07:02 PM ... ... Incoming This really is me. I do B&W Picts if this helps
6:08:22 PM ... ... Outgoing ok are you good with my kids ages?
6:09:01 PM ... ... Incoming What are the ages
thats why i asked if you read the last email i sent. . . .
its in the email. boy is 13 and my precious baby girl
6:11:09 PM ... ... Outgoing is 11
... ... OK sorry I missed it. All the replies on top of each
6:12:58 PM Incoming other
6:15:03 PM ... ... Outgoing i get it…that is why I hate the emails i like texting for
that reason
6:17:08 PM ... ... Incoming I agree. So tell me more about yourself
i was rasied very close to my father. he started
sleeping with me when i was young . . . at first i was
scared but really enjoyued it. he was so gentle and
loving. my mom knew so it made our home open. i
miss those days. i want my kids to expereince the
same closeness plus they need a techer to help
6:33:02 PM ... ... Outgoing them with sex when they get older
i have to be honest. i lost my attraction to men a
while back. I cant get enough of young boys about
my sons age./ their innosense is amazingly a turn on
6:33:59 PM ... ... Outgoing for me
Ok Brandi, I am probably a we bit older and know a
few things. I can be easy and exploring into
everything you might desire. So if you want to try
6:46:54 PM ... ... Incoming someone older, game on. I d have most of my hair.
6:57:37 PM ... ... Incoming So what would you like me to do to help?
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we had a very good man in my kids life for a year or
so but lost him to a move becasue of military. i am
looking to fill his role in my kids lives. he was bi and
very gentle witht hem. taught them oral and orther
skills. its so hard to find the right guy. i have to be
so careful and so do you. i am not interested in men
especailly older. sorry my secrete is i am into boys
my sons age . . . i love their innocense. can you be
7:02:57 PM ... ... Outgoing the daddy my two kids need??
Ex. 3 (formatting modified).
At some point before Mr. Arbogast next texted “Brandi,” he evidently found the
e-mail she sent him at 5:54 p.m. Her e-mail had said:
I need you to be honest about what you want, that is best and makes sure
we all get what we want. My girl is 11 and my boy is 13. She is not totally
active, but still likes to play and is very ready and mature. My son is 13
and very active. I’m single and looking for some one who is open and free
to new ideas. If this fits you then lets talk and if it works out we can meet
up and have some fun.
Ex. 2.
Twelve minutes after Brandi’s “can you be the daddy my two kids need??” text,
Mr. Arbogast texted, “Well sorry to hear that. I just read that missed mail. Never have
done that. I just wanted to be with mom. Don’t know if I could help do kids. It’s really
up to you.” Id. Brandi responded, “thanks for not wasting our time. I am not looking for
me. I am looking for someone to be with my kids. Good luck with what it is you seek.”
Id. Mr. Arbogast replied, “I can be good with them. Just never thought about it that
way.” Id.6
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For the next hour and 40 minutes, the two texted in more detail about what Brandi
wanted for her children, and whether Mr. Arbogast was willing to provide it. They
exchanged photographs. This was Brandi’s:
Ex. 5 (cropped and converted from color to greyscale).
At trial, the State pointed out that in the course of the texts, Brandi suggested that
her children could engage Mr. Abrogast with kissing, touching, oral, and nonanal
penetration (as long as it was not painful) and that Mr. Arbogast did not rule out any of
the suggested conduct. Mr. Arbogast pointed out that he repeatedly said that he had not
previously engaged in the conduct Brandi was suggesting.3 The State pointed to several
3
“Never have done that . . . Don’t know if I could help do kids,” “[N]ever thought
about it that way,” “I have not tried young kids,” “Like I say. Never have done kids
before,” “I have a lot to learn as well,” “Never done it before,” and “Like I said I have not
done this before.” Ex. 3.
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times when Brandi told Mr. Arbogast that she would not be involved—this was for her
children. Mr. Arbogast claimed that he still believed that sex with Brandi was a
possibility, pointing to the picture she sent, in which she appeared to him to be wearing a
“teddy” (a type of lingerie) or bra; her response, after he offered her “TLC,” that “i could
get invloved with you and jake after a few good sessions of you two”; her enigmatic
message, “change my mind about us hookiing [sic] up;” and her statement that he would
need to “come to our place,” and “when you come in we all get naked.” Ex. 3.
At 9:00 p.m. Brandi texted, “when can we make this happen. the sooner the more
it makes me less cautious its not a set up,” adding a few minutes later, “we could do it
tonight.” Ex. 3. Once that was agreed, the following exchange occurred:
what did you have in mind for play time tonight? what
9:11:56 PM ... ... Outgoing would u like
I’m easy for it. Just get to know one another. Are good
9:14:20 PM ... ... Incoming with it. Send address
can you stop and get condoms and lube. i dont want u to
be unprepared if you need them. I have to prep the kids
for what it is you want oral, hand job, penatration, kissing.
9:16:32 PM ... ... Outgoing we r night owls so time is good
Like I said have not done this before. Could do almost
9:19:42 PM ... ... Incoming anything without penetration.
are u interested in both anna and jake? same time or
9:21:40 PM ... ... Outgoing separate
9:22:34 PM ... ... Incoming Anna first
9:23:10 PM ... ... Incoming I’m leaving now so send address
ok separate is best. i will have to watch to make sure all
9:23:23 ... ... Outgoing is safe
9:25:09 PM ... ... Incoming K
do you want to start with touching and move to oral or
what. help me . . . . . . i want to tell anna. do you want
9:25:17 PM ... ... Outgoing her dressed in anything specific
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9:26:18 PM ... ... Incoming Just under things touching then oral
9:27:15 PM ... ... Outgoing you giving or them giving oral or both??
9:28:14 PM ... ... Incoming Both
9:29:12 PM ... ... Incoming Ok I’m driving. Address please. Can’t look at same time
ok . . . give me 10-15 minutes to prep them and shower
anna. I am excited you want to see them. i hope this
9:29:33 PM ... ... Outgoing turns out to be what i am looking for.
9:29:56 PM ... ... Incoming Ok
9:30:54 PM ... ... Incoming On the road
9:41:22 PM ... ... Outgoing what clothes u didnt say to put them in. sorry hurrying
9:43:07 PM ... ... Incoming Under clothes is good
Ex. 3 (formatting modified).
At 10:18 p.m., Mr. Arbogast arrived at the apartment whose address Brandi had
provided. Brandi, played by Detective Makayla Morgan, greeted him, invited him to take
off his shoes, and left the room to “get the kids.” RP at 1195. A team of officers then
arrested him. Mr. Arbogast did not have the condoms or lube that Brandi had asked him
to pick up.
Mr. Arbogast waived his rights and agreed to speak with detectives. He provided
his passcode so that officers could search his phone. He allowed officers to search his
car. During the interview, Mr. Arbogast said several times he had only come to the
apartment to meet the mom and that he was not attracted to children, but he also admitted
that he understood what Brandi had offered. RP at 1280-81. Mr. Arbogast said he was
“BS-ing” with the mom and “going with the flow.” RP at 1285.
At the conclusion of the interview, Mr. Arbogast agreed to submit to a polygraph,
and around midnight, the detectives interviewing him asked Detective John Davis, a
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polygraph examiner with the Kennewick Police Department, to come to the undercover
location. Detective Davis arrived shortly after 12:30 a.m. He conducted a pretest
interview, part of which he recorded, before conducting a recorded polygraph test. In a
report of the test results, he expressed his opinion that Mr. Arbogast showed no deception
when answering the following questions:
Q. Since becoming an adult, have you had sexual contact with anyone
under the age of 16?
A. No.
Q. Have you had any sexual contact with anyone under the age of 16,
since becoming an adult.
A. No.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 12, 86.
A forensic download was taken of Mr. Arbogast’s phone that the State
“thorough[ly] review[ed]” for evidence. RP at 972. No indication was found that Mr.
Arbogast was seeking sex with children when visiting Casual Encounters.4 The phone
was searched for child pornography. None was found. Other than the communications
Mr. Arbogast had with Detective Garden as “Brandi,” there was nothing of evidentiary
value on the phone. No evidence was recovered in the search of Mr. Arbogast’s car.
4
Sergeant Rodriguez testified that if Mr. Arbogast had responded to one of the ads
from fictional children that was placed during the Tri-Cities sting operation, the response
would have been given to an undercover officer, who would have engaged Mr. Arbogast
in further conversation. As far as he knew, that never happened.
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Mr. Arbogast was charged with one count of attempted rape of a child in the first
degree for traveling to the undercover location with the intent to engage in sexual
intercourse with the fictional 11-year-old Anna, and one count of attempted rape of a
child in the second degree for traveling to the undercover location with the intent to
engage in sexual intercourse with the fictional 13-year-old Jake.
Early in the case, the defense moved to admit the results of the polygraph
examination and to call Detective Davis as an expert witness, arguing that the results of
the polygraph test were relevant to Mr. Arbogast’s entrapment defense. In the
alternative, the defense moved the court to admit the polygraph for the limited purpose of
determining whether Mr. Arbogast was entitled to an entrapment instruction. The
motions were denied. The State was unwilling to stipulate to the admissibility of the
polygraph report and the trial court concluded that absent a stipulation, it lacked the
authority to admit the results for any purpose.
Mr. Arbogast later moved to compel discovery of e-mails and texts the Net Nanny
operation exchanged with other targets. He wanted to see if they bore out his belief that
the cryptic nature of the Casual Encounters ad was misleading to others and that
Detective Garden engaged in particularly entrapping behavior and excessive
conversation-leading with him. The court denied the motion on the basis that what other
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officers did in chatting with other targets was not relevant to Mr. Arbogast’s entrapment
defense.
The State’s pretrial motions in limine asked the court to prohibit any mention that
Mr. Arbogast had no prior criminal convictions or arrests, arguing that his lack of
criminal history was irrelevant and was character evidence that was not pertinent to the
charge of attempted rape of a child. Defense counsel argued that the evidence was
relevant to the defense of entrapment—specifically, Mr. Arbogast’s lack of predisposition
to attempt child rape.
In arguing the motion, the State admitted that case law from other jurisdictions
recognizes that when a defendant asserts entrapment, the State can present evidence of
the defendant’s prior criminal conduct to prove that he does have a criminal
predisposition.5 The State’s own trial brief cited cases holding that “any prior criminal
record” is evidence of predisposition. RP at 75. The prosecutor argued, however, that
such case law speaks of a “prior criminal record. It doesn’t talk about a lack of it.” Id.The State argued that in any event, Mr. Arbogast’s contention that he should be
able to offer evidence of his crime-free past was premature and before Mr. Arbogast
could obtain an entrapment instruction, “he has to be willing to admit the crime that
constitutes the crime charged, which is attempted rape of a child.” RP at 59. Defense
5
In oral argument, the prosecutor cited United States v. Perez-Leon, 757 F.2d 866,
871 (7th Cir. 1985) and United States v. Kaminski, 703 F.2d 1004 (7th Cir. 1983).
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counsel disagreed, arguing that it was “enough that the defendant admit acts which if
proved would constitute the crime.” RP at 61.
The trial court granted the State’s in limine motion provisionally, prohibiting the
defense from presenting evidence that Mr. Arbogast had no prior convictions or arrests
until such time as he had presented enough evidence of the luring, inducing aspect of
entrapment to be entitled to the instruction.
The State’s trial witnesses in its case-in-chief were five WSP officers who
participated in the sting operation. A videotape of Mr. Arbogast’s interview following
his arrest was played for jurors. At the conclusion of the State’s evidence, the prosecutor
asked the trial court to rule whether Mr. Arbogast was entitled to present “lack of
predisposition” evidence in the defense case in support of an entrapment instruction. The
State argued Mr. Arbogast had not proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the
government engaged in “anything more than normal salesmanship, which is allowed.”
RP at 1324-25.
Given the trial court’s ruling that Mr. Arbogast could not argue lack of
predisposition or obtain an entrapment instruction without first proving law
enforcement’s luring or inducement, the defense pointed among other evidence to the
placement of a “woman for men” ad; the fact that the ad did not offer sex with children;
Detective Garden’s violation of standards on which he had been trained for chatting with
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targets;6 the picture Brandi sent, in which she appeared to be wearing a “teddy” or bra;7
her statement that she “could get invloved [sic] with you and jake after a few good
sessions of you two;” her enigmatic message, “change my mind about us hookiing [sic]
up;” and her statement that Mr. Arbogast would need to “come to our place,” and “when
you come in we all get naked.” Ex. 3.
In ruling, the trial court identified the issue as “whether or not the officer applied
more than the normal amount of persuasion to induce the defendant to come to engage in
the behavior.” RP at 1332. It concluded there was not sufficient evidence of “more than
the normal amount of persuasion.” RP at 1333. On that basis, it refused to instruct on
entrapment and did not allow evidence “regarding whether or not the defendant had
engaged in this type of behavior previously to show a lack of predisposition.” RP at
1334.
The only witness called by the defense was Mr. Arbogast. He testified he did not
like the idea of adults having sex with children, had not been looking for that when he
answered Brandi’s ad, and had gone along when she disclosed what she was looking for
to “get on her good side”—because he believed there was a possibility of having sex with
6
The WSP task force is part of the United States Department of Justice’s Internet
Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Force Program. ICAC’s Operational and
Investigative Standards for task forces include generally “allow[ing] the investigative
target to set the tone, pace, and subject matter of the online conversation.” RP at 968
(quoting Ex. 16, at 13).
7
Detective Morgan testified it was a tank top.
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her. RP at 1365. He testified that he did not intend to have sex with Anna or Jake when
he went to the apartment.
In rebuttal, the State called Detective Davis to testify that during the unrecorded
part of his pretest interview, Detective Davis asked Mr. Arbogast if his intent, before he
arrived was “to be with the children,” to which Mr. Arbogast answered yes. RP at 1446.
In cross-examination, he affirmed that he did not ask Mr. Arbogast if he intended “to
have sex with the children,” but instead, whether he intended “to be with” them. RP at
1451.
The jury found Mr. Arbogast guilty of both charges. He appeals.
ANALYSIS
We begin with the issues that compel our decision to reverse Mr. Arbogast’s
convictions for instructional error. Other assignments of error are addressed in the
unpublished portion of the opinion.
The State’s defense of the trial court’s refusal to instruct on entrapment presents
four issues that we address in the following order: (1) the State’s argument that Mr.
Arbogast was not entitled to the instruction because he denied intending to have sex with
children, (2) the validity of Trujillo’s heightened, evidence-weighing standard for
determining whether to instruct on entrapment, (3) the in limine ruling preventing Mr.
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Arbogast from presenting evidence of his lack of criminal predisposition, and (4) whether
Mr. Arbogast’s evidence was sufficient to entitle him to instruction.
We begin with an introduction of Washington’s law of entrapment and the
standard by which we review a trial court’s refusal to instruct on an affirmative defense.
I. LAW OF ENTRAPMENT AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
Washington courts have “long recognized” the existence of the common law
defense of entrapment. State v. Lively, 130 Wn.2d 1, 9, 921 P.2d 1035 (1996). In 1975,
the legislature codified the common law definition of entrapment. Id. RCW 9A.16.070
provides:
(1) In any prosecution for a crime, it is a defense that:
(a) The criminal design originated in the mind of law enforcement
officials, or any person acting under their direction, and
(b) The actor was lured or induced to commit a crime which the
actor had not otherwise intended to commit.
(2) The defense of entrapment is not established by a showing only
that law enforcement officials merely afforded the actor an opportunity to
commit a crime.
The statute restates the subjective test of entrapment applied by federal and
Washington state courts, which focuses on the issue of whether the defendant was
predisposed to commit the crime rather than on the conduct of the State to induce or
entice the defendant. Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 10 & n.2 (citing Sorrells v. United States, 287
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U.S. 435, 451, 53 S. Ct. 210, 77 L. Ed. 413 (1932) and State v. Waggoner, 80 Wn.2d 7,
10, 490 P.2d 1308 (1971).
The Washington Supreme Court has held that RCW 9A.16.070(1)(b) requires
proof that the defendant “‘was tricked or induced into committing the crime by acts of
trickery by law enforcement agents,’” and “‘[s]econd, . . . that he would not otherwise
have committed the crime.’” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 10 (quoting State v. Smith, 101
Wn.2d 36, 43, 677 P.2d 100 (1984)). In Lively, the Supreme Court addressed whether the
burden of proof on a defense of entrapment should rest with the State or the defendant. It
observed that under federal common law and the law of many states applying the
subjective standard for entrapment the burden of persuasion is on the government to
disprove entrapment beyond a reasonable doubt. 130 Wn.2d at 12-13 & n.3. In deciding
that a Washington defendant would bear the burden instead, it reasoned that like other
affirmative defenses that are uniquely within the defendant’s knowledge and ability to
establish, the predisposition of the defendant to commit the crime “is the focal element of
the defense.” Id. at 13.
A party is entitled to have the jury instructed on its theory of the case if there is
evidence to support it. State v. Fisher, 185 Wn.2d 836, 848, 374 P.3d 1185 (2016).
“‘The trial court is justified in denying a request for [an affirmative defense] instruction
only where no credible evidence appears in the record to support [it].’” Id. at 849
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(alterations in original) (quoting State v. McCullum, 98 Wn.2d 484, 488, 656 P.2d 1064(1983) (plurality opinion)). In evaluating a defendant’s evidence in support of an
affirmative defense, the trial court must view it in the light most favorable to him. Id.(citing State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d 448, 455-56, 6 P.3d 1150 (2000)). Failure
to give instruction on an affirmative defense to which the defendant is entitled is
reversible error. Id.We review de novo a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction when
the refusal is based on a ruling of law. State v. Ponce, 166 Wn. App. 409, 416, 269 P.3d
408 (2012). We review a trial court’s factual determination of whether a jury instruction
should be given for an abuse of discretion. State v. Condon, 182 Wn.2d 307, 315-16, 343
P.3d 357 (2015).
II. MR. ARBOGAST COULD CHALLENGE CRIMINAL INTENT AND AT THE SAME TIME
ASSERT THE DEFENSE OF ENTRAPMENT
The State argued below that by denying he intended to have sexual intercourse
with Anna and Jake, Mr. Arbogast could not assert the defense of entrapment because
“[e]ntrapment only applies if the defendant committed a crime.” Br. of Resp’t at 17
(citing RCW 9A.16.070(1)(b)). The trial court implicitly rejected the argument, but the
State renews it on appeal.
The State’s argument was rejected by this court in State v. Galisia, 63 Wn. App.
833, 837, 822 P.2d 303 (1992), abrogated on other grounds by Trujillo, 75 Wn. App. at
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917. In Galisia, the court explained that while a defendant cannot deny that the actions
on which a criminal charge even happened while at the same time asserting entrapment, it
is a different matter when a defendant admits his actions but denies criminal liability:
[State v.] Matson[, 22 Wn. App. 114, 587 P.2d 540 (1978)] and [State v.]
Draper[, 10 Wn. App. 802, 806, 521 P.2d 53 (1974)] thus do not require a
defendant to admit either the crime itself or all the elements of a crime
before being entitled to an entrapment instruction. It is enough that a
defendant admit acts which, if proved, would constitute the crime.
Galisia, 63 Wn. App. at 837.
Galisia was cited with approval on this point by the Washington Supreme Court in
State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 776 n.4, 161 P.3d 361 (2007). Frost held that the
defendant’s rights under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution as well
as his due process rights were violated when the trial court told defense counsel that if he
argued that the State’s evidence failed to establish the defendant’s accomplice liability,
the court would not give the defendant’s requested instruction on duress. Id. at 776-79.
The defendant forwent challenging the State’s evidence to ensure that the duress
instruction would be given.
Frost was unanimous in finding that the court erred in limiting the defendant from
challenging the State’s proof while at the same time asserting duress. While a 5-4
decision, the justices only disagreed about whether the trial court’s error was harmless
(the majority view) or structural error (the dissent’s view).
19
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State v. Arbogast
III. THERE IS NO VALID LEGAL BASIS FOR TRUJILLO’S HEIGHTENED, EVIDENCE-
WEIGHING STANDARD FOR DETERMINING WHETHER TO INSTRUCT ON ENTRAPMENT
In Trujillo, the court rejected the usual “some” or “substantial” evidence standard
for obtaining instruction on an affirmative defense when it comes to entrapment. It
announced a heightened standard, holding that “to entitle a defendant to an entrapment
instruction . . . a defendant must present evidence which would be sufficient to permit a
reasonable juror to conclude that the defendant has established the defense of entrapment
by a preponderance of the evidence.” 75 Wn. App. at 917 (declaring the contrary holding
in Galisia, 63 Wn. App. at 836, to be “overly broad” and “improper[ ]”). Trujillo’s
holding on this heightened standard for instruction has been relied on without
examination in over a dozen unpublished Court of Appeals decisions, including an
opinion from this division in which this author was a member of the panel.8 It has not
been cited by the Supreme Court. Mr. Arbogast is the first to challenge the standard as
erroneous, and we now agree that it does not withstand examination.9
8
The standard was also discussed in the published opinion in State v. Buford, 93
Wn. App. 149, 152-53, 967 P.2d 548 (1998), in which the court held that since the
defense of unwitting possession, like entrapment, admits the crime but seeks to excuse
the conduct, the Trujillo standard should apply to unwitting possession. Whether
Trujillo’s instructional standard was legitimately applied when the defense was
entrapment was not challenged or reexamined.
9
The dissent begins with a vigorous defense of a “more than a scintilla of
evidence” standard that has long been required to carry a case to a Washington jury. E.g.,
Knight v. Trogdon Truck Co., 191 Wash. 646, 653, 71 P.2d 1003 (1937). The “more than
a scintilla of evidence” standard is not challenged by Mr. Arbogast. That well settled
standard was not the standard used by the trial court and is not questioned by us. The
20
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
In adopting the heightened standard, the Trujillo court cited State v. Riker, 123
Wn.2d 351, 869 P.2d 43 (1994) and another Division One decision in State v. Chapin,
75 Wn. App. 460, 879 P.2d 300 (1994). 75 Wn. App. at 917.
In Riker, the Supreme Court rejected a defendant’s argument that while she had
the burden of proving the defense of duress, it was only to the extent of creating a
reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors as to her guilt—a lower standard than
preponderance of the evidence. 123 Wn.2d at 366. Clarifying the court’s decision in
State v. Bromley, 72 Wn.2d 150, 155, 432 P.2d 568 (1967), Riker held that because
duress does not negate an element of the offense but pardons the conduct for a different
reason, the defendant was required to prove duress by a preponderance of the evidence.
Id. at 366-69.
In Chapin, the court applied Riker’s reasoning in rejecting a defendant’s argument
that to defend on the basis of entrapment, he was only required to produce sufficient
evidence to create a reasonable doubt as to his guilt. 75 Wn. App. at 471.
In both Riker and Chapin, what was at issue was the burden of proof at trial. The
juries in both cases had been instructed on the relevant affirmative defense, so the
standard for obtaining an instruction on the defense was never at issue. Riker, 123 Wn.2d
at 358 (prosecutor had no objection to instructing on duress); Chapin, 75 Wn. App. at 470
problem is Trujillo’s holding that the standard to be applied before the trial court
instructs on entrapment is the preponderance of the evidence standard rather than a prima
facie evidence standard.
21
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
(“Chapin requested and received an entrapment instruction.”). Later decisions recognize
that where the burden of proving an affirmative defense is by a preponderance of the
evidence, the standard for obtaining instruction is still that “there is evidence to support
[the defense] theory.” State v. Harvill, 169 Wn.2d 254, 259, 234 P.3d 1166 (2010)
(defense of duress).
The obvious problem with Trujillo’s standard is that it tasks the trial court with
evidence-weighing that is the province of the jury. Rather than evaluate whether prima
facie evidence of an affirmative defense has been presented, Trujillo holds that the court
examines all the evidence and determines whether evidence supporting the defense would
preponderate for a rational juror. Trujillo’s standard does not even require the court to
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. Nothing in Riker or
Chapin provides support for this heightened standard.
We agree with Mr. Arbogast that the heighted standard violates due process and
his right to trial by jury. Only a jury can decide whether a defendant has met his burden
of proving an affirmative defense by a preponderance of the evidence. U.S. CONST.,
amend. VI, XIV; WASH. CONST. art. I, §§ 3, 21. “At its core, the right of trial by jury
guarantees litigants the right to have a jury resolve questions of disputed material facts.”
Davis v. Cox, 183 Wn.2d 269, 289, 351 P.3d 862 (2015) (declaring unconstitutional
22
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
threshold evidence weighing in Anti-SLAPP10 suits), abrogated on other grounds by
Maytown Sand & Gravel, LLC v. Thurston County, 191 Wn.2d 392, 423 P.3d 223 (2018).
To preserve the right to a jury’s determination, the burden of production is a
matter-of-law standard. As Mr. Arbogast points out, the State is required to prove every
element of a criminal charge beyond a reasonable doubt, but it can survive a Knapstad
motion to dismiss and proceed with prosecution as long as it produces prima facie
evidence of the elements. State v. Knapstad, 107 Wn.2d 346, 356-57, 729 P.2d 48(1986). A civil litigant can survive a motion for summary judgment by presenting a
prima facie case. Cornwell v. Microsoft Corp., 192 Wn.2d 403, 410-13, 430 P.3d 229(2018).
We agree with Mr. Arbogast that due process and the right to a jury trial can
require no more for a criminal defendant to present an entrapment defense to the jury. He
was entitled to instruction on entrapment by presenting prima facie evidence of the
defense. Trujillo’s heightened standard for obtaining instruction on entrapment is legally
insupportable and we reject it.
IV. IT WAS ERROR TO LIMIT MR. ARBOGAST’S EVIDENCE OF LACK OF PREDISPOSITION
The State persuaded the trial court that Mr. Arbogast should not be allowed to
present evidence that in his 70-year life he had not been suspected of, arrested for, or
convicted of crime. The State argued that such evidence was inadmissible character
10
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation, RCW 4.24.510.
23
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
evidence under ER 404. In a more typical prosecution, this would be true. But this
prosecution was the result of a sting operation. It was and remains undisputed that “[t]he
criminal design originated in the mind of law enforcement officials, or any person acting
under their direction” within the meaning of the statutory defense. RCW
9A.16.070(1)(a). Entrapment was a possible defense, and once it was asserted, evidence
that Mr. Arbogast had no criminal history, and particularly no history of child predation,
was evidence of a pertinent trait of character: that he lacked a predisposition to commit
child rape.
Case law under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW,
is relevant. Under the SRA, a defendant’s lack of “apparent predisposition” to commit a
crime in which he was induced to participate by others is a mitigating circumstance for
purposes of exceptional sentencing. RCW 9.94A.535(1)(d). When it comes to evidence
supporting the lack of an “apparent predisposition,” our Supreme Court recognizes the
lack of criminal history as not only relevant, but as a paradigm. State v. Nelson, 108
Wn.2d 491, 496-98, 740 P.2d 835 (1987) (The existence of a motive “does not establish
criminal disposition, [which is] measured under the SRA by a history of prior
convictions.”); State v. Freitag, 127 Wn.2d 141, 149, 896 P.2d 1254 (1995) (“The Court
of Appeals . . . properly recognized that lack of criminal history does tend to show lack of
a predisposition to commit the crime.”). In reviewing whether the defendant in Lively
24
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
established entrapment as a matter of law, the Supreme Court viewed as relevant the fact
that she had no criminal record or prior involvement in the offense charged. 130 Wn.2d
at 18.
Evidence that Mr. Arbogast had not been suspected of, arrested for, or convicted
of crime was admissible under ER 404(a)(1). Mr. Arbogast might not ultimately
demonstrate entitlement to an entrapment instruction, but he was entitled to try. The
State provides no authority or reasoned argument why defense counsel was required to
proceed through voir dire, opening statement, and most of the trial with one hand
figuratively tied behind his back, with the court only later deciding whether, thus
hindered, he had nonetheless presented enough evidence to warrant instruction on
entrapment.
V. SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE SUPPORTED GIVING AN ENTRAPMENT INSTRUCTION
A. The trial court erred in considering only whether the undercover officer used
more than the “normal amount of persuasion.”
“Both by statute and court decision, the entrapment defense focuses on ‘the intent
or predisposition of the defendant to commit the crime.’” Smith, 101 Wn.2d at 42(quoting Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484, 488, 96 S. Ct. 1646, 48 L. Ed. 2d 113(1976)); accord Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 13 (The predisposition of the defendant to commit
the crime “is the focal element of the defense.”). Indeed, our Supreme Court imposed the
burden of proof on the defendant for the reason that “[t]he defendant has the knowledge
25
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
and ability to establish whether he or she was predisposed to commit the crime; whether
he or she was lured or induced to do so by the State; and whether the criminal design
originated in the mind of the police or an informant.” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 13. To
determine whether evidence supports giving an instruction, a court should consider the
defendant’s testimony and the inferences that can be drawn from it. Galisia, 63 Wn.
App. at 836. Despite this, in deciding that Mr. Arbogast did not present sufficient
evidence to be entitled to an entrapment instruction, the trial court considered only one
type of evidence: “whether or not the officer applied more than the normal amount of
persuasion to induce the defendant to come to engage in the behavior.” RP at 1332.
The legislature explicitly provided that “[t]he defense of entrapment is not
established by a showing only that law enforcement officials merely afforded the actor an
opportunity to commit a crime.” RCW 9A.16.070(2). It did not otherwise limit the
manner in which a defendant might be “lured or induced” to commit a crime he had not
otherwise intended to commit. RCW 9A.16.070(1)(a).
A distinguished commentator on Washington criminal law has observed that
“[m]any kinds of evidence can be used to prove predisposition.” 13B SETH A. FINE,
WASHINGTON PRACTICE: CRIMINAL LAW & SENTENCING § 38:3, at 411 (3d ed. 2019).
Examples identified are “ready compliance with an illegal request, previous commission
of the same crime, acts showing eagerness to commit the crime, substantial effort in
26
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
investigating and arranging an illegal transaction, and familiarity with the practices of an
illegal trade.” Id. (footnotes omitted). Logic dictates that contrary evidence can be used
to prove a lack of predisposition. An additional kind of evidence recognized as relevant
in Lively is the fact that the defendant was not the target of any criminal investigation
until the law enforcement activity that made her a suspect. 130 Wn.2d at 18.11
In Smith and Lively, the Supreme Court characterized entrapment as encompassing
two elements: that the defendant “was tricked or induced into committing the crime by
acts of trickery by law enforcement agents,” and “[s]econd, . . . that he would not
otherwise have committed the crime.” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 10 (quoting Smith, 101
Wn.2d at 43). While characterized as two elements, however, our Supreme Court has
treated them as two sides of the same coin. In Smith, for instance, the Supreme Court
characterized itself as focusing on the inducement element, but in a case where the
defendant’s only evidence of his lack of predisposition to sell drugs was that he
succumbed to a deceptive sympathetic appeal: a customer seeking marijuana who was
11
Perez-Leon and Kaminski, the cases the State argued would allow it to offer
evidence of a defendant’s criminal history, include their own identification of factors
relevant in determining the predisposition of a defendant. Relevant to the determination
are: “(1) assessing the character or reputation of the defendant, including any prior
criminal record; (2) whether the suggestion of criminal activity was made by the
government; (3) whether the defendant was engaged in criminal activity for profit; (4)
whether the defendant expressed reluctance to commit the offense which was overcome
only by repeated government inducement or persuasion, and (5) the nature of the
inducement or persuasion applied by the government.” Perez-Leon, 757 F.2d at 871
(citing Kaminski, 703 F.2d at 1008).
27
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
dying. In analyzing the inducement element, the court necessarily considered the
defendant’s evidence; it did not ignore it.
Here, the trial court too narrowly considered only police conduct, when the focal
point of the defense was the defendant’s lack of predisposition.
In arguing to the trial court that Mr. Arbogast was presented with no more than the
“normal amount of persuasion,” the State argued conclusorily, never identifying what
made Brandi’s communications with Mr. Arbogast “normal” persuasion. A trial court
should not accept at face value the State’s contention that its persuasion was of the
“normal amount.” The State never demonstrated or explained how its communications
with Mr. Arbogast were nothing more than “normal.”
B. Mr. Arbogast was entitled to the instruction
Mr. Arbogast testified that he had never had sex with children or any interest in
sex with children. There was no dispute that before responding to Brandi’s ad, he had not
been convicted of, charged with, or even suspected of a sex crime against a child. He
responded to what was posted as a “woman for man” ad that Sergeant Rodriguez
admitted was cryptic, might not be recognized as advertising sex with children, and in
fact had not been recognized by other responders as advertising sex with children.
Once Mr. Arbogast recognized what was being offered, his immediate response
was “Never have done that. . . . Don’t know if I could help do kids.” Ex. 3. He retreated
28
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
from that position when Brandi made clear that engaging in sex with her children was
required to get together with her, but he repeatedly stated he had never engaged in such
conduct with children before. Detective Garden could have refrained from any
suggestion that Brandi’s participation was a possibility, but he did not. When Mr.
Arbogast arrived at the undercover location, he had not stopped to pick up lube or
condoms as Brandi had requested. No incriminating evidence was found on his phone or
in his car.
A final aspect of the inducement that has been found relevant by federal courts is
that Brandi was not prostituting her fictional children, but presented as a loving mother
who sought to provide something she had benefitted from as a child. She made clear that
whatever Mr. Arbogast did with her precious children would only be under her protective
oversight and rules. As explained in United States v. Poehlman, a case involving a
similarly-premised sting:
Throughout the correspondence with Poehlman, Sharon made it clear that
she had made a firm decision about her children’s sexual education, and
that she believed that having Poehlman serve as their sexual mentor would
be in their best interest. She made repeated references to her own sexual
mentor, explaining that he could have mentored her daughters, had he not
died in a car crash in 1985. While parental consent is not a defense to
statutory rape, it nevertheless can have an effect on the “self-struggle [to]
resist ordinary temptations.” Sherman [v. United States], 356 U.S. [369,]
384, 78 S. Ct. 819[, 2 L. Ed. 2d 848 (1958)] (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
This is particularly so where the parent does not merely consent but casts
the activity as an act of parental responsibility and the selection of a sexual
mentor as an expression of friendship and confidence. Not only did this
diminish the risk of detection, it also allayed fears defendant might have
29
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
had that the activities would be harmful, distasteful or inappropriate,
particularly since Sharon claimed to have herself benefitted from such
experiences.
217 F.3d 692, 702 (9th Cir. 2000) (first alteration in original) (citation to record omitted).
The same conclusion was reached by the First Circuit Court of Appeals in United
States v. Gamache, which also involved a “mother seeking mentor” premise that the court
found to be improper inducement based in part on the story line:
[T]he government agent provided justifications for the illicit activity
(intergenerational sex) by describing “herself” as glad that Gamache was
“liberal” like her, expressing that she, as the mother of the children,
strongly approved of the illegal activity, and explaining that she had
engaged in this conduct as a child and found it beneficial to her. These
solicitations suggested that Gamache ought to be allowed to engage in the
illicit activity, just as the Government in Jacobson[ v. United States, 503
U.S. 540, 112 S. Ct. 1535, 118 L. Ed. 2d 174 (1992)] used a fake lobbying
organization to appeal to anti-censorship motives.
156 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 1998).
As previously noted, the burden of proof is different in federal court, and in the
unpublished portion of the decision, we deny Mr. Arbogast the remedy of reversal and
dismissal that the defendants obtained in Poehlman and Gamache. But the relevance of
the nature of the inducement is the same here.
The State has tended to defend the trial court’s refusal to instruct on entrapment by
pointing to the evidence that Mr. Arbogast intended to have sex with the children. It is a
given for this issue that Mr. Arbogast committed attempted first and second degree child
30
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
rape. The question is whether the jury might, if instructed, have found that he was lured
or induced to commit those crimes, which he had not otherwise intended to commit. The
jury might make that finding on this evidence. It was not given the opportunity.
We reverse the convictions and remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this
opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder
having no precedential value shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it
is so ordered.
VI. REVERSAL WITH DIRECTIONS TO DISMISS THE CHARGES IS NOT WARRANTED ON
THE BASIS OF OUTRAGEOUS GOVERNMENT CONDUCT OR PROOF OF THE
ENTRAPMENT DEFENSE AS A MATTER OF LAW
Despite reversing and remanding, we need to address Mr. Arbogast’s two other
assignments of error because they would, if established, entitle him to dismissal of the
charges. We address them in the order presented.
A. Mr. Arbogast does not demonstrate outrageous conduct requiring dismissal
A claim of outrageous government conduct “is founded on the principle that the
conduct of law enforcement officers and informants may be ‘so outrageous that due
process principles would absolutely bar the government from invoking judicial processes
to obtain a conviction.’” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 19 (quoting United States v. Russell, 411
31
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
U.S. 423, 431-32, 93 S. Ct. 1637, 36 L. Ed. 2d 366 (1973)). “For the police conduct to
violate due process, the conduct must shock the universal sense of fairness.” Id. Courts
evaluate the government’s actions under the totality of circumstances. Id. at 21. Lively
identifies the following factors for determining whether police conduct was outrageous:
[(1)] whether the police conduct instigated a crime or merely infiltrated
ongoing criminal activity; [(2)] whether the defendant’s reluctance to
commit a crime was overcome by pleas of sympathy, promises of excessive
profits, or persistent solicitation; [(3)] whether the government controls the
criminal activity or simply allows for the criminal activity to occur; [(4)]
whether the police motive was to prevent crime or protect the public; [(5)]
whether the government conduct itself amounted to criminal activity or
conduct “repugnant to a sense of justice.”
Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 22 (citations omitted). “Dismissal based on outrageous conduct is
reserved for only the most egregious circumstances. ‘It is not to be invoked each time
the government acts deceptively.’” Id. at 20 (quoting United States v. Sneed, 34 F.3d
1570, 1577 (10th Cir. 1994)). Courts “focus on the State’s behavior and not the
Defendant’s predisposition.” Id. at 22.
As Sergeant Rodriguez testified, if someone responding to an ad placed by the task
force was not interested in children, “then we don’t talk to them any longer.” RP at 896.
Detective Garden testified that consistent with his training, he would not continue to
pursue someone he was chatting with who was not interested in sex with a child, and
would instead respond with “‘good luck’ or ‘bye,’ ‘not for you,’ ‘thanks for not wasting
my time,’ whatever, something like that.” RP at 1024. While Detective Garden did not
32
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
refrain from suggesting that Brandi’s participation was a possibility in his texts with Mr.
Arbogast, he also made statements of this sort.12 While we have rejected the State’s
argument that these statements of deflection were enough to disprove entrapment, they
are, under a “totality of circumstances” analysis, enough to defeat Mr. Arbogast’s claim
of outrageous government conduct.
B. Mr. Arbogast did not prove entrapment as a matter of law
Alternatively, Mr. Arbogast urges us that dismissal of the charges is required
because entrapment was proved as a matter of law. He relies on federal cases, in which
entrapment is found as a matter of law if the government’s evidence does not disprove
entrapment beyond a reasonable doubt. Under Washington law, the appropriate standard
of review is whether, “considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a
rational trier of fact could have found that the defendant failed to prove the defense by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 17.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we ignore Mr.
Arbogast’s exculpatory statements when interviewed following his arrest and his
exculpatory trial testimony, all of which the jury might have rejected. The jury never
heard that Mr. Arbogast had not previously been convicted, charged, or suspected of
12
E.g., “I am not looking for me. I am looking for someone to be with my kids.
good luck with what it is you seek,” “do you have an attraction to children. i am not
looking for a friend,” “i don’t think you could satisfy my kids or that you want to
sexually,” “i cant force you to do this nor do i want to,” “i have to be clear i am not
involved.” Ex. 3.
33
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
sexual misconduct toward children. What is left is the evidence of the e-mail and text
communications with Brandi. Had the jury been asked to address the defense of
entrapment, a rational juror reviewing the evidence presented could have found that Mr.
Arbogast failed to prove entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS
In a pro se statement of additional grounds (SAG), Mr. Arbogast raises four. One
is a challenge to community custody conditions to which Mr. Arbogast did not object at
sentencing. If convicted in a retrial, he will have the opportunity to object if the trial
court considers imposing those conditions again, so we decline to address that issue. We
address the remaining three.
Instructional error
The court instructed the jury: “A substantial step is conduct that strongly indicates
a criminal purpose and that is more than mere preparation.” CP at 157 (emphasis added).
The defense proposed that the instruction read “A substantial step is conduct that strongly
indicates the criminal purpose and that is more than mere preparation.” CP at 137
(emphasis added). Similarly the court instructed the jury: “A person acts with intent or
intentionally when acting with the objective or purpose to accomplish a result that
constitutes a crime.” CP at 161.
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No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
Mr. Arbogast argues that the instructions failed to consider that jurors might find
he had a criminal purpose, but not to commit child rape. He gives as examples a possible
criminal purpose to talk with the children (communication with a minor for immoral
purposes, RCW 9.68A.090) or to touch them (child molestation, RCW 9A.44.083, .086).
SAG at 4.
The trial court’s “to convict” instructions specified that the intent and substantial
step must relate to the charged crime, however. For example, instruction 11, the “to
convict” instruction for the attempted first degree rape charge read in relevant part:
To convict the defendant of the crime of attempted rape of a child in
the first degree as charged in Count 1, each of the following elements of the
crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:
(1) That on or about July 5, 2017, the defendant did an act that was a
substantial step toward the commission of rape of a child in the first degree;
(2) That the act was done with the intent to commit rape of a child in the
first degree . . . .
CP at 158. Instruction 12, the “to convict” instruction for the attempted second degree
rape charge, was couched in similar terms.
“[W]e do not review the adequacy of jury instructions in isolation; we review the
jury instructions as a whole.” State v. Davis, 174 Wn. App. 623, 638, 300 P.3d 465(2013) (citing State v. Prado, 144 Wn. App. 227, 240, 181 P.3d 901 (2008)). Reading the
instructions as a whole, there is no danger the jury believed that Mr. Arbogast’s
35
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
substantial step could be toward any crime, or with an intent to commit any crime. See
id.Evidence sufficiency to prove the attempted second degree rape of Jake
Mr. Arbogast next argues there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
for the attempted second degree rape of Jake. There was less evidence of the attempted
second degree rape of Jake than of the attempted first degree rape of Anna. Mr.
Arbogast’s text communications stated, “I do look at young girls, not so much boys.”
Ex. 3. Brandi expressed her own sexual attraction to her son, leading Mr. Arbogast to ask
if he would “need to groom the boy alone.” Id. Mr. Arbogast told Brandi he had
“[n]ever done anal.” Ex. 3 (CP at 79). Asked by Brandi if he was “interested in both
anna and jake?” once they agreed to meet, he answered, “Anna first.” Id. When it came
to how to dress the children, Brandi initially texted only about what Mr. Arbogast wanted
Anna to wear. Id.Bearing in mind the State’s burden in an attempt crime to prove a substantial step
that is strongly corroborative of the actor’s criminal purpose, we viewed a sufficiency
challenge as a viable issue and requested a response from the State. Having reviewed its
response, and considering all, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient given that we
view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the State.
State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). After Mr. Arbogast began
36
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
driving to Brandi’s apartment, some of Brandi’s texts were ambiguous as to whether she
expected Mr. Arbogast to engage in sex with both children. While Mr. Arbogast was
driving, he continued to text and did not correct the ambiguity. It is not our role to
reweigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact. State v.
Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616 P.2d 628 (1980) (plurality opinion).
Discovery
Finally, Mr. Arbogast argues the court erred when it denied his request for
discovery of chat logs for other Net Nanny cases. He had argued that given case law
holding that a defendant must prove the State used “more than normal” persuasion,
evidence of what occurs in other Net Nanny chats could help prove entrapment. Since
the trial court did not instruct on entrapment in the trial below, the State had no occasion
to argue to the jury that undercover officers had used only the “normal amount of
persuasion.”
We do not hold that the trial court should have ordered the requested discovery in
the trial below. But since the court will instruct the jury on entrapment in any future trial,
it should revisit the discovery issue, at least for the purpose of determining whether the
State intends to present evidence and argument that no more than the “normal amount of
persuasion” was used, and what that evidence would be.
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No. 36250-7-III
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It is not clear from the record what the State contends “normally” persuades an
adult to rape a child. Seeking guidance from controlling cases, we went back to State v.
Waggoner, 80 Wn.2d at 10-11, the decision that initially identified the “normal amount of
persuasion” as relevant where entrapment is asserted as a defense. In Waggoner, the
defendant was charged with selling LSD13 to a police informant. His only evidence of
entrapment was that for unexplained reasons he was initially reluctant to act on the
informant’s expressed interest in purchasing large quantities of drugs. A couple of days
later, however, he called the informant and made the offer leading to a sale from which
he was to receive a commission. As explained by the Waggoner court, “[t]he record
itself reveals that the activities of individuals such as [the informant] have made
discretion and suspicion an operating principle for drug dealers in all of their sales.” Id.
at 10.
Giving consideration to a “normal amount of persuasion” makes sense in a context
where there is a “normal amount” of persuasion for which evidence exists, such as the
wariness of drug sellers to sell to unfamiliar buyers. Our Supreme Court has applied the
concept only in connection with the sale of drugs. See id. and see Smith, 101 Wn.2d at
42-43 (“A police informant’s use of ‘a normal amount of persuasion to overcome’ and
‘expected resistance’ to sell drugs ‘does not constitute entrapment and will not justify an
entrapment instruction.’” (quoting Waggoner, 80 Wn.2d at 11)).
13
Lysergic acid diethylamide.
38
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast
No Washington decision has analyzed a “normal amount of persuasion” that
induces adults to rape children. If the State intends to present evidence and argument that
there is a normal amount of persuasion that causes an adult to attempt child rape, and if
its evidence will be WSP witnesses testifying to their experience in prior sting operations,
then obtaining relevant discovery might be needed for meaningful cross-examination.
We leave it to the trial court to determine in light of the evidence the State proposes to
offer what discovery, if any, should be permitted.
We reverse the convictions and remand for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
_____________________________
Siddoway, J.
I CONCUR:
_____________________________
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
39
No. 36250-7-III
KORSMO, A.C.J. (Dissenting) — The majority errs in two significant ways. First,
it attacks the wrong case and thereby conflicts with controlling Washington Supreme
Court precedent concerning the sufficiency of the evidence to support an entrapment
instruction. What the majority calls the “heightened” Trujillo standard is nothing more
than the Washington Supreme Court’s longstanding standard for any affirmative defense
that excuses criminal conduct. Using the proper standard, the trial court correctly
concluded that there was only “normal” persuasion rather than entrapping behavior.
Second, the majority fails to recognize that the errors in excluding defendant’s proposed
evidence were harmless even if he had been entitled to an entrapment instruction. I will
address those issues in the order listed.
Sufficient Evidence Standard. The majority faults the “heightened” standard
supposedly applied by State v. Trujillo, 75 Wn. App. 913, 883 P.2d 329 (1994).
However, Trujillo got that standard from State v. Riker, 123 Wn.2d 351, 869 P.2d 43(1994), and State v. Gray, 69 Wn.2d 432, 418 P.2d 725 (1966). It is the standard
consistently used in every appellate decision. As recognized by Trujillo and State v.
Chapin, 75 Wn. App. 460, 879 P.2d 300 (1994), Riker did not change Gray and its
progeny.
The majority confuses the evidence needed to support a general instruction and the
evidence needed to support an instruction carrying a burden of proof. For instance, in a
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
criminal case, the court will not instruct the jury on the elements of a crime if the State
does not present evidence supporting each element of the crime. Likewise, if the
evidence does not establish the affirmative defense, no instruction will be given.1
In Gray, a police informant who was in trouble with federal authorities repeatedly
asked to purchase marijuana from Gray. 69 Wn.2d at 433. The two negotiated terms and
then drove to the defendant’s home. He returned with plastic wrapped marijuana that he
turned over to the informant. Id. A second sale was arranged and consummated under
similar circumstances. Id. at 433-34. At trial, Gray admitted making the sales, but
contended that they were done to help out his friend, the informant, who was shunned by
most marijuana suppliers due to his legal troubles. Id. at 434. Appellant had never been
charged or convicted of narcotics offenses. Id.The trial court declined to give an entrapment instruction or other instructions in
support of the defense theory. Id. The Supreme Court agreed that there was insufficient
evidence to support entrapment:
1
For example, if slight evidence of intoxication is presented, the jury may be
instructed concerning the impact of intoxication on a defendant’s ability to act with the
appropriate mental state. No party bears a burden of proof on that defense. In contrast,
an instruction on self-defense would require some evidence supporting each element of
the defense—a subjective understanding of the situation and an objective requirement to
act as a reasonably prudent person faced with those circumstances. State v. Walden, 131
Wn.2d 469, 474, 932 P.2d 1237 (1997). For instance, if the defendant reacted to a verbal
insult with deadly force, the court would not instruct on self-defense despite the
defendant’s testimony that he acted in self-defense since a reasonable person would not
use deadly force in the absence of a threat of death or great personal injury. Id.2
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
Even if we accept appellant’s testimony that he told the officer and
the informer he did not want to sell marijuana and was only persuaded
through friendship and sympathy, we do not have more than the scintilla of
evidence necessary for an instruction. We must also consider the undisputed
testimony in this case. Appellant took the officer to his own home to get the
marijuana. Appellant accepted money for the marijuana; most importantly
appellant gave the officer his telephone number and told him to return any
time. In light of this, appellant's original protests (if indeed they were ever
made) were just his own manner of bargaining.
It is quite obvious that appellant was furnished nothing more than an
opportunity to sell.
Id. at 435.
A different problem primarily was at issue in State v. Galisia, 63 Wn. App. 833,
822 P.2d 303 (1992). There the trial court declined to give an entrapment instruction in a
case where an informant repeatedly asked the defendant, a man named Norgard, for help
in obtaining cocaine. The defendant gave the informant his telephone number. Id. at
834. Three times the informant called and was told that the defendant could not help
him. Id. at 834-35. Running into the informant in downtown Seattle five days later,
Norgard steered him to another man and a deal was ultimately reached to purchase a
large quantity of cocaine; Norgard was to get cash and cocaine for facilitating the
transaction. Id. at 835. The trial judge declined to give an entrapment instruction
because Norgard did not admit to delivering the cocaine. Id. at 836.
Division One of this court disagreed with that rationale, reasoning that a defendant
need not admit his guilt before raising entrapment. The court distinguished between a
3
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
defendant admitting the actions which gave rise to the charges and admitting that
criminal liability existed.2 Id. at 837. A defendant need only do the former. Id. The
court, nonetheless, affirmed the determination that Norgard was not entitled to an
entrapment instruction, reasoning that Norgard had not presented sufficient evidence that
he was lured to commit a crime that he did not otherwise intend. Id.
In the beginning of its analysis, the Galisia court had stated that “a defendant need
not present that quantity of evidence necessary to create a reasonable doubt in the minds
of jurors to be entitled to an entrapment instruction.” Id. at 836. That sentence was, at
least initially, at issue in Trujillo. That court recognized that Galisia had misstated the
burden of proof in light of Riker:
With respect to the quantum of proof necessary to entitle a defendant to an
entrapment instruction, we hold that a defendant must present evidence
which would be sufficient to permit a reasonable juror to conclude that the
defendant has established the defense of entrapment by a preponderance of
the evidence. We recognize that in . . . [Galisia] the court held that a
defendant need only produce “some evidence” to support an entrapment
instruction. We conclude that in light of . . . [Riker] and our discussion of
the defendant’s burden of proof on the entrapment defense in . . . [Chapin]
this statement of the required quantum of proof is overly broad and
improperly entitles a defendant to an entrapment instruction upon
production of a mere scintilla of evidence. A scintilla of evidence is not
sufficient to justify an entrapment instruction.
Trujillo, 75 Wn. App. at 917 (footnote and citations omitted). Judge Agid, the author of
Galisia, was a member of the Trujillo panel.
2
The same distinction subsequently was made by State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765,
161 P.3d 361 (2007).
4
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
One issue in Riker involved the burden of proof when an affirmative defense of
duress is raised. 123 Wn.2d at 366-69. The court concluded that any defense such as
duress that excuses conduct must be established by the preponderance of the evidence.
Id. at 368-69. Defenses that negate an element of the crime need only be established to
the point where they raise a reasonable doubt. Id. at 368. In light of Riker, the Trujillo
court understandably took the time to correct the misstatement in Galisia about the nature
of the defendant’s burden of proof to establish entrapment. He must establish the defense
by a preponderance of the evidence.
The other issue in Trujillo was whether the defendant had produced enough
evidence to justify an entrapment instruction. There the defendant, a man named
Chrisostomo, was asked on multiple occasions by an informant pretending to be a fellow
employee if he could sell him some cocaine.3 75 Wn. App. at 914-16. The defendant
rebuffed his efforts repeatedly. Id. at 915-16. Asked to obtain information about a seller,
the defendant later called an acquaintance to a tavern where the informant was drinking.
The acquaintance sold Chrisostomo cocaine which he in turn sold to the informant. Id. at
3
Similar is State v. Waggoner, 80 Wn.2d 7, 490 P.2d 7, 490 P.2d 1308 (1971).
There an informant repeatedly asked, but was turned down, to obtain LSD from the
defendant. The defendant later arranged, on a commission basis, for the informant to
make the purchase from a different seller. Id. at 8. The court concluded that the evidence
was insufficient to support an entrapment instruction since it showed the informant used
“a normal amount of persuasion.” Id. at 10-11.
5
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
916. Defendant later stated that he obtained the cocaine solely to get the informant to
stop pestering him. Id.Accepting the defendant’s testimony as true, Division One concluded that it was
insufficient to justify an entrapment instruction. Id. at 918. The amount of badgering did
not amount to improper persuasion. Id. at 919. In the course of its analysis, Trujillo also
noted its prior decision in State v. Enriquez, 45 Wn. App. 580, 725 P.2d 1384 (1986)
(informant pointing out defendant could support his drug addiction by selling drugs not
improper inducement). Trujillo, 75 Wn. App. at 918.
Also of interest is a decision discussed by the majority, State v. Smith, 101 Wn.2d
36, 677 P.2d 100 (1984). There an informant introduced an undercover officer to her
friend as the informant’s husband. The putative husband was dying and needed
marijuana to ease his pain. Id. at 38. After initially declining to do so, the defendant sold
the “husband” marijuana on three occasions. Id. This evidence was no more than a
“normal” amount of persuasion and, thus, insufficient to establish that the defendant was
induced to commit the crime. Entrapment was not established. Id. at 42-43.
This historical recital establishes that the trial court correctly concluded here that
the evidence of inducement was insufficient to justify an entrapment instruction. Trial
and appellate courts have always “weighed” the sufficiency of the evidence to support an
affirmative defense instruction—if it is not legally sufficient to constitute inducement, no
instruction is proper even if there is some evidence of an “inducement.” Id. at 43. In
6
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
each and every one of the recited cases, the defense failed to produce sufficient evidence
to support the defense theory. In every one of those cases, including Galisia, the
appellate court found the evidence insufficient to support an entrapment instruction. The
majority’s new standard is inconsistent with the case law.
Mr. Arbogast argues that the inducement was the possibility of a future sexual
encounter with “Brandi” if he first became a sexual mentor to her children. This
“inducement” should be rejected as a lawful justification for a sexual encounter with
children. However, even that alleged inducement does not suffice since, at least five
times by the majority’s count, the detective texted that “Brandi” would not be sexually
involved with the defendant.4 The alleged inducement was removed from this case long
before Mr. Arbogast got in his car to drive to Brandi’s apartment.
To prove entrapment, a defendant must establish both that he was induced to
commit the crime and also that he was not predisposed to commit it. RCW 9A.16.070;
Smith, 101 Wn.2d at 42. In addition to showing the lack of predisposition, a defendant
must show the existence of an unfair or improper inducement.5 Smith, 101 Wn.2d at 43.
It is this last proposition that sinks this appeal. “Normal” persuasion is simply the
4
See majority at 27, fn.11 (citing Ex. 3).
5
The example cited by Smith was Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 78 S.
Ct. 819, 2 L. Ed. 2d 848 (1958). In Sherman, the police informant had induced the
defendant to return to drug usage, an action that amounted to entrapment. 101 Wn.2d at
43.
7
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
inducement used to obtain the defendant’s participation in the scheme. In the above-
noted cases, “normal” persuasion has included repeated requests (i.e., not taking no for an
answer) and appeals to sympathy. Only if there is something unlawful or improper about
the inducement does it rise to the level of entrapping behavior. Id. Offering a future
consensual sexual encounter did not amount to an improper inducement to commit a
crime.
The trial court correctly concluded that Mr. Arbogast did not have any evidence of
some improper inducement to commit the crime. The officers merely afforded him the
opportunity to do so. He was not entitled to an entrapment instruction. There was no
error.
Harmlessness. It is fundamentally inconsistent to say both “I didn’t do it” and
“the government made me do it.” While taking inconsistent positions does not mean that
a defendant is not entitled to a defense supported by the evidence, it does suggest that any
error can be harmless. State v. Frost, 160 Wn.2d 765, 771, 161 P.3d 361 (2007). That is
the situation here.
I agree that once he had testified to set a foundation for putting his reputation for
sexual morality in question, Mr. Arbogast’s evidence of lack of predisposition should
8
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
have been admitted at trial.6 As noted by the majority, there is a distinction between
admitting the actions and admitting liability for those actions. Id. at 776. The trial court
erred by excluding the evidence of lack of predisposition.
Nonetheless, this error was harmless for two distinct reasons. First, as just
discussed, it was harmless because Mr. Arbogast did not bear his burden of proving an
unlawful inducement. Second, even had he been entitled to an entrapment instruction,
the error was harmless because entrapment was a weaker defense that largely duplicated
his primary defense of lack of criminal intent. Indeed, his own testimony that he was
present to meet the mother rather than the children undercut any claim that he was
entrapped to committing a crime. Entrapment was an inferior defense and pursuing that
course would only have undercut Mr. Arbogast’s credibility to the ruin of his primary
defense. When credibility is critical, inconsistent defenses are a poor strategy.
The defense of lack of criminal intent was the appropriate approach for the jury
since it allowed Mr. Arbogast to show his apparent naivety before the jury to argue that
he was not a child abuser. If the jury did not believe his primary story, as they apparently
did not, an entrapment argument would not have done him any good since his credibility
6
Why anyone would want to put this type of evidence in front of a jury is a
question I cannot answer. A person who has a “reputation” has one because others have
been talking about him in their community. ER 608; State v. Land, 121 Wn.2d 494, 851
P.2d 678 (1993). Every time I have seen this evidence admitted at trial, the result has
been devastating cross-examination of the reputation witnesses concerning why they
gossiped about another person’s reputation for sexual morality. Neither the witnesses nor
the proponent came out looking very good.
9
No. 36250-7-III
State v. Arbogast—Dissent
was key to either defense.7 The exclusion of the entrapment theory was absolutely
harmless here. Frost, 160 Wn.2d at 782-83.
I respectfully dissent.
_________________________________
Korsmo, A.C.J.
7
If there is any good to come from this appeal, perhaps it will be in the parties
finding new incentive to settle this case.
10