Nancy Loe, Appellant/cr-respondent v. Benson Village Associates, Respondent/cr-appellants

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
NANCY LOE, an individual,
No. 72946-2-1
Appellant/Cross-Respondent,
DIVISION ONE
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
BENSON VILLAGE ASSOCIATES, a
Washington Corporation; CARPINITO &
GOODWIN, dba BENSON VILLAGE
r"° Ci o
APARTMENTS I, a Washington
er» -»*;•:;
Partnership; OLYMPIC MANAGEMENT C/> -~r'"''
p"i i—s
COMPANY, a Washington Corporation; — "• i
TV '' -•-,
JOSEPH CARPINITO and JANE DOE C">
CARPINITO, individually and as a
marital community; and WILLIAM
CARPINITO and JANE DOE
CARPINITO, individually and as a
marital community
FILED: September 26, 2016
Respondents/Cross-Appellants.
Trickey, A.C.J. — The trial court awarded monetary sanctions against
Benson Village Associates for discovery violations. Benson argues that it did not
violate the discovery rules. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it determined that Benson failed to make a reasonable inquiry before
responding to discovery requests.
Both Nancy Loe and Benson appeal the specific sanctions imposed. Loe
argues that the trial court should have denied Benson's request for a trial de novo
instead of imposing monetary sanctions. Benson maintains that the trial court
should not have awarded monetary sanctions to Loe. We reject both contentions
and we affirm.
No. 72946-2-1 / 2
FACTS
Nancy Loe lived in a unit in the Benson Village Apartments. Benson Village
Associates owns the apartment complex and hired Olympic Management
Company to manage them in 2001.
In November 2010, Loe fell in a common area outside the office of Benson
Village Associates. Loe sued Benson Village Associates and others, alleging that
she had tripped over small decorative pumpkins that were in the walkway.
In February 2014, Loe served Benson with requests for production,
including a request for documents describing procedures to maintain the safety of
walkways and procedures to follow in the case of an accident. Benson did not
supply any documents in response to these requests, despite Loe's request for
Benson to supplement its responses.
In August 2014, the case proceeded to arbitration. During a Benson
employee's testimony, Loe determined that there were written documents outlining
procedures for reporting accidents and maintaining common areas and walkways.
Loe prevailed at arbitration.
Benson sought a trial de novo. Loe renewed her requests for production,
based on the employee's testimony. Benson produced an excerpt from Olympic
Management Company's Operations Manual. Following that disclosure, Loe
requested and received a complete copy of the manual.
Loe moved for sanctions, alleging that Benson violated CR 26(g) by not
producing the manual in response to Loe's earlier requests. Loe requested
monetary sanctions and a denial of Benson's request for a trial de novo. The trial
No. 72946-2-1 / 3
court ordered Benson to pay Loe's attorney fees and costs for attending the
arbitration proceeding and for bringing the motion for sanctions, totaling
approximately $3,500. Benson moved the trial court to reconsider. The trial court
denied the motion.
At trial, Loe introduced the manual into evidence, in an attempt to show that
Benson did not follow its own policies. The jury returned a verdict for Benson. Loe
appeals.
ANALYSIS
Scope of Review
Benson argues that Loe cannot raise issues related to the trial court's
imposition of sanctions because she designated only the jury verdict in her appeal,
not the order granting sanctions. Loe counters that, under RAP 2.4(a), the Court
of Appeals may review the trial court's earlier ruling because it prejudiciallyaffected
the jury verdict. We agree with Loe.
"The scope of a given appeal is determined by the notice of appeal, the
assignments of error," and the parties' substantive arguments. Clark County v. W.
Wash. Growth Mqmt. Hearings Bd.. 177 Wash. 2d 136, 144, 298 P.3d 704 (2013).
The party must designate in its notice of appeal the decision that itwants the Court
of Appeals to review. RAP 5.3(a). But, "[t]he appellate court will review a trial court
order or ruling not designated in the notice ... [if] the order or ruling prejudicially
affects the decision designated in the notice." RAP 2.4(b). If the later, designated
decision "would not have occurred absent the trial court's" earlier, undesignated
decision, the earlier decision prejudiciallyaffected the designated decision. Adkins
No. 72946-2-1 / 4
v. Alum. Co. of Am.. 110 Wash. 2d 128, 134, 750 P.2d 1257, 756 P.2d 142 (1988).
Here, Loe appealed the verdict entered against her after Benson's trial de
novo. When Loe moved for sanctions against Benson she asked that the trial court
deny Benson's request for a trial de novo. The trial court ordered sanctions against
Benson but allowed Benson a trial de novo. If the trial court had granted Loe's
request to deny Benson's trial de novo, there would have been no trial verdict.
Accordingly, the trial court's decision not to deny the trial de novo prejudicially
affected the verdict from that trial. We may review Loe's claim under RAP 2.4(b).
Benson cites only Clark County for its argument to the contrary. Clark
County is distinguishable. There, the Court of Appeals adjudicated issues that
neither party had raised, despite the parties' strong objections. Clark County, 177
Wash. 2d at 142. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that "an appellate court errs
by adjudicating separate and distinct claims resolved below and not raised on
appeal." Clark County, 177 Wash. 2d at 147. The court focused on the fact that the
parties had not raised the issues in their briefs. Clark County, 177 Wash. 2d at 147.
Here, Loe assigned error to the trial court's failure to deny Benson's request for a
trial de novo and devoted her entire brief to the issue. We conclude that nothing
in Clark County suggests that this issue is outside the scope of the appeal.
Violation of CR 26(g)
Benson argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that its
responses to Loe's requests for production violated CR 26(g). We disagree.
Under CR 26(g), an attorney of record must sign each response to a
discovery request. The attorney must certify that he has read the response "and
No. 72946-2-1 / 5
that to the best of [his] knowledge, information, and belief formed after a
reasonable inquiry it is: (1) consistent with [the discovery] rules and warranted by
existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law; (2) not interposed for any improper purpose, . . . and (3) not
unreasonable or unduly burdensome or expensive." CR 26(g).
The court uses an objective standard to determine whether an attorney has
made a reasonable inquiry. Wash. State Physicians Ins. Exch. & Ass'n v. Fisons
Corp., 122 Wash. 2d 299, 343, 858 P.2d 1054 (1993). An attorney cannot rely on his
"[subjective belief or good faith" to avoid sanctions. Fisons. 122 Wash. 2d at 343.
"The responses must be consistent with the letter, spirit and purpose of the rules."
Fisons. 122Wn.2dat344.
Before imposing sanctions, the court should consider "all of the surrounding
circumstances, the importance of the evidence to its proponent, and the ability of
the opposing party to formulate a response or to comply with the request." Fisons.
122 Wash. 2d at 343. If the court determines that a party has violated the rule it "shall
impose upon the person who made the certification, the party on whose behalf the
request, response, or objection is made, or both, an appropriate sanction." CR
26(g)(3) (emphasis added).
We review a trial court's imposition of sanctions for an abuse of discretion.
Wash. Motorsports Ltd. P'ship v. Spokane Raceway Park. Inc., 168 Wash. App. 710,
714, 282 P.3d 1107 (2012). A trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its
decision on untenable grounds or when it is manifestly unreasonable. Wash.
Motorsports, 168 Wash. App. at 714. The trial court should state its reasons for
No. 72946-2-1 / 6
imposing sanctions clearly "on the record so that meaningful review can be had on
appeal." Burnet v. Spokane Ambulance. 131 Wash. 2d 484, 494, 933 P.2d 1036,
1040(1997).
Here, Loe requested "any documents describing or referring to the system
or routine of inspecting and/or maintaining the floors and/or walking surfaces of the
area where this incident occurred."1 Benson responded that the place where Loe
fell "is a general walkway area. The area is inspected daily by the Office and
Maintenance staff prior to the office opening and a few times throughout the day."2
Loe also requested "any policies or procedures which refer to slip(s), fall(s),
trip(s) and/or any other sort of injury of tenants and/or property invitees."3 Benson
responded that there were none.
Loe requested that Benson supplement these responses. Benson's
counsel responded, "I am puzzled why you believe our answer There is none' is
not sufficient. Are you aware of there being documents regarding inspection
and/or maintenance of the floors and/or walking surfaces for the area where the
incident occurred that I am unaware of?"4
Months later, after arbitration was over and Benson requested a trial de
novo, Benson produced an excerpt from Olympic Management Company's
Operations Manual, which Benson employees used to manage day-to-day
operations of Benson Village Apartments. A resident manager testified at the
arbitration that she had "read every single thing" in the manual, she would look up
1 Clerk's Papers (CP) at 397.
2 CP at 404.
3 CP at 398.
4 CP at 424.
No. 72946-2-1 / 7
things she did not know in the manual, and it had been in use at the time of Loe's
accident.5
The manual contained information that was responsive to Loe's requests
for production, including instructions to property managers to inspect the grounds
daily and keep an incident report log:
Your property's grounds, laundry rooms, and recreational facilities
are to be walked each morning by the Resident Manager, Assistant
Manager or Leasing Agent on duty to insure that they are clean and
free of debris.161
This Log should be used for any major or minor incident or
accident at your property. This includes any . . . tripping or falling at
the property....
Please fill out an Incident/Accident Report Form. . . . Please
make sure to attach any statements, reports, etc., as these are
essential for any possible future claims or lawsuits. Please always
make sure to take pictures.[7]
When Loe moved for the court to impose sanctions on Benson for failing to
provide the manual sooner, Benson defended itself by claiming that "the specificity
of the language in the requests did not trigger in defendants the thought that the
[documents] would be responsive."8
The trial court found that
the subject of [Loe's] discovery and Request for Production was
readily available to [Benson]. The attorney certification to the
responses to interrogatories and requests for production was not
made after reasonable inquiry and the initial responses were not
consistent with the letter, spirit, and purpose of the rules.
[Benson] violated discovery rules by failing to timely and
completely produce responsive documents to [Loe's] Request for
Production.191
5 CP at 467-68.
6 CP at 445.
7 CP at 446.
8 CP at 112.
9 CP at 260.
No. 72946-2-1 / 8
When denying Benson's request for reconsideration, the court added, "In this case,
the documents requested were relevant and [Benson] did not seek a protective
order. [Benson], therefore, did not have the option of unilaterally determining what
[it] would produce or answer, once discovery requests were made."10
This ruling was within the trial court's discretion and its reasons were clear.
Benson's resident manager's testimony supports the trial court's finding that the
manual was readily available to Benson. The quoted passages of the manual
show that it was responsive to Loe's requests. This was not, as Benson has
suggested, a satellite issue. In a negligence suit based on a plaintiffs fall, the
defendant's policies for preventing slip and falls are relevant and important. The
fact that Loe did not prevail attrial does not make the failure to produce the manual
a collateral issue.
And, even if Benson did not immediately realize that the manual was
relevant, Benson's correspondence with Loe should have triggered the appropriate
response. Benson contends that there was no violation because it explained why
it did not produce the manual at first. As quoted above, the trial court held that
Benson's inquiry was not reasonable.
Based on its finding, the trial court had no choice but to impose sanctions.
There was no error.
Benson argues that the trial court abused its discretion because it "merely
quote[d] the rules" and did not properly support its decision with facts. We
conclude that the trial court's findings are sufficient. First, CR 26(g) is very broad.
10 CP at 374-75.
8
No. 72946-2-1 / 9
The trial court's findings significantly narrowed the basis for its decision. For
example, it did not impose sanctions because Benson acted with an "improper
purpose" or had produced documents in a volume that was "unduly burdensome."
See CR 26(g)(2), (3).
Second, the factual findings are specific enough to permit review. The court
found that Benson had not made a reasonable inquiry before responding to Loe's
request for production, that the documents were relevant, and that they were
readily available to Benson. Since Loe brought the motion on the limited grounds
that Benson inadequately responded to just two requests for production, there can
be no doubt about the basis of the trial court's ruling.
Benson also argues thatthe trial court needed to explain how it determined
that Benson failed to make a reasonable inquiry and why Benson's explanation
was insufficient. As discussed above, the trial court's findings indicate that it
considered Benson's failure to produce the manual unreasonable. Benson cites
no authority for the claim that the findings must be more specific.
Benson further contends that the trial court abused its discretion because it
relied on Carlson v. Lake Chelan Community Hospital, an allegedly "flawed" case,
and, contrary to the holdings in Carlson, the trial court did not find that Benson's
failure to produce the manual was willful.11 116 Wash. App. 718, 75 P.3d 533 (2003).
We reject both these arguments. First, the trial court cited Carlson only for the
language of CR 26(g) itself and the well-established rule that discovery "responses
11 Br. of Resp'ts/Cross-Appellants at 34. Benson argues both that Carlson is flawed and
that the trial court erred by not following Carlson.
No. 72946-2-1/10
must be consistent with the letter, spirit[,] and purpose of the rules."12 Fisons,
which Benson acknowledges is Washington's seminal opinion on CR 26(g)
sanctions, recites the same principle. 122 Wash. 2d at 344.
Second, Carlson does not hold that a party's misconduct must be willful to
violate CR 26(g). 116 Wash. App. at 739. It holds that, before imposing a sanction
as severe as excluding testimony, the trial court must find that the party's
misconduct was willful. Carlson, 116 Wash. App. at 737. Whether a party violated
a discovery rule and what sanction would be appropriate for that violation are two
different questions.
Having concluded that Benson violated CR 26(g), we now address the
second question, whether the trial court's sanctions were appropriate.
Monetary Sanctions
Benson argues that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering Benson
to pay Loe's costs and fees for participating in arbitration and bringing a motion for
sanctions. We disagree.
CR 26(g) requires the court to impose sanctions once it has determined that
a party violated the rule, but the trial court has "wide latitude" to fashion appropriate
sanctions. Fisons, 122 Wash. 2d at 355. Fisons provides principles to guide a trial
court's decision:
First, the least severe sanction that will be adequate to serve the
purpose of the particular sanction should be imposed. The sanction
must not be so minimal, however, that it undermines the purpose of
discovery. The sanction should insure that the wrongdoer does not
profit from the wrong. The wrongdoer's lack of intent to violate the
rules and the other party's failure to mitigate may be considered by
the trial court in fashioning sanctions.
12 CP at 260.
10
No. 72946-2-1 /11
The purposes of sanctions orders are to deter, to punish, to
compensate and to educate.
Fisons. 122 Wash. 2d at 355-56 (footnotes omitted). The court in Fisons also warned
trial courts not to allow sanction rules to become fee-shifting rules or allow requests
for sanctions to "turn into satellite litigation." 122 Wash. 2d at 356.
The trial court determined that monetary sanctions were the least severe
sanction necessary to serve the purpose of the sanction. It ordered Benson to
compensate Loe for both her participation in arbitration and her efforts to bring the
motion for sanctions. The award for participating in arbitration was $1,500. The
award for bringing the motion for sanctions totaled $1,995.30.
Benson moved the court to reconsider its award of compensation for Loe's
participation in arbitration. Benson argued that Loe would have incurred those
costs regardless of any discovery violation. The trial court denied Benson's
motion, holding that "sanctions are imposed for more purposes than just
compensation" and that it had a duty to "aggressively enforce the discovery rules
... in order to make the trial process a fair debate on the facts and not a game of
hide and seek."13
On appeal, Benson argues that the trial court erroneously denied its motion
for reconsideration. It makes numerous unpersuasive attacks on the amount of
sanctions. Benson contends that the additional $1,500 award for Loe's arbitration
efforts goes against the policy in Fisons. We disagree. The award appropriately
punishes Benson and may help deter future discovery sanctions. It is not so
minimal that it undermines the purpose ofdiscovery and not so large that it would
13 CP at 374-75.
11
No. 72946-2-1/12
encourage attorneys to exploit the sanctions process.
Benson also argues that awarding Loe costs for bringing the motion for
sanctions was an abuse of discretion. Loe's expenses for bringing the motion were
an appropriate basis for an award. CR 26(g) specifically contemplates that the trial
court may order the violating party to pay the other side "the amount of the
reasonable expenses incurred because of the violation, including a reasonable
attorney fee." CR 26(g)(3). Loe incurred the costs associated with bringing the
motion for sanctions because of Benson's violation of the rule.
In its reply brief, Benson suggests that Loe, not Benson, is the one who
violated CR 26(g). If this is true, Benson could have brought its own motion for
sanctions against Loe. It would not excuse Benson's discovery violations.
Similarly, Benson argues that the award "allowed Loe to profit from [a]
collateral discovery issue."14 Benson describes Loe's attempts to discover this
manual as a "fishing expedition."15 Neither argument is a fair characterization of
Loe's efforts. The manual was relevant to the case and responsive to Loe's
requests. And, as the trial court noted, Benson never sought a protective order or
argued that Loe's requests were too broad.
Finally, if this court upholds the award of sanctions, Benson requests that
the court order Benson to pay the sanctions to a court fund instead ofto Loe. While
Fisons suggests that a court may want to consider "requiring that monetary
sanctions awards be paid to a particular court fund orto court-related funds," it was
not an abuse of discretion to order Benson to pay Loe. 122 Wash. 2d at 356.
14 Br. of Resp'ts/Cross-Appellants at 39.
15 Br. of Resp'ts/Cross-Appellants at 39.
12
No. 72946-2-1/13
Reguest for Trial De Novo
Loe argues that denying Benson's request for a trial de novo was the only
appropriate sanction to stop Benson from profiting from its violation. It is not clear
how Benson would profit in this case. At arbitration, when Loe did not have the
manual, Benson lost. The manual, though relevant, was not a smoking gun and
likely would not have substantially impacted either side's preparation.
Loe claims that Benson "should not have been permitted to add to the trial
court's caseload by obtaining a trial after engaging in arbitration in bad faith."16 A
trial de novo after arbitration does not improperly add to a trial court's caseload; it
is specifically allowed under MAR 7.1. Moreover, while the trial court found that
Benson violated CR 26(g), it made no finding that Benson intentionally violated CR
26(g) or acted in bad faith. There is no justification for a sanction as severe as
denying Benson's request for a trial de novo.
Loe also argues that the monetary sanctions awarded by the court are
insufficient to deter or punish Benson because Benson is insured. Benson claims
this is not a proper argument.17 We need not consider Loe's argument because
she did not raise it in the trial court and there is not a sufficient record to review it.
RAP 2.5(a). Regardless, Loe's argument is without merit.
Loe is essentially asking this court to take judicial notice of the fact that
$3,500 is "insignificant" to all insurance companies.18 Not only would that be
16 Br. of Appellant at 10.
17 Benson argues that this not a proper consideration under ER 411. ER 411 restricts the
use of a party's insurance status to show liability in negligence claims. Benson has not
demonstrated its relevance here.
18 Br. of Appellant at 11.
13
No. 72946-2-1/14
inappropriate, the record does not contain specifics of the insurance coverage
between Benson and its insurer. There is no record of which entity was financially
responsible for the sanctions.
In short, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing only
monetary sanctions. We affirm the trial court's order of sanctions.
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WE CONCUR:
A~J.* ^*.J •
14