In Re The Estate Of Lillian June Dust

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
April 26, 2022
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In the Matter of the Estate of: No. 55870-0-II
LILLIAN JUNE DUST,
Deceased. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
PRICE, J. — Frederick Dust Jr. (Frederick Jr.)1 was appointed as personal representative for
probate of his mother’s will. Frederick Dust Sr. (Frederick Sr.) sought to challenge that will by
filing a cross petition to admit a prior will. The superior court dismissed the cross petition with
prejudice. Frederick Sr. appeals, arguing that he properly filed and served his cross petition and
that the superior court erred by awarding attorney fees to Frederick Jr.
We hold that Frederick Sr. did not comply with the requirement that his petition be filed as
a new action. Therefore, it was not error for the superior court to dismiss Frederick Sr.’s cross
petition. However, we hold that the superior court erred by assessing attorney fees against
Frederick Sr. under RCW 11.24.050. Accordingly, we affirm the superior court’s order in part,
reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.
1
Appellant and Respondent are father and son with the same name, and they both share a last
name with the decedent. We refer to the parties by their first names with suffixes for clarity. No
disrespect is intended.
No. 55870-0-II
FACTS
Lillian Dust passed away on January 21, 2020. Later that day, the superior court admitted
to probate a will she executed in 2019. The superior court also appointed her son, Frederick Jr.,
as personal representative pursuant to the 2019 will.
Frederick Sr. is Lillian Dust’s ex-husband and Frederick Jr.’s father. On April 1, 2020,
Frederick Sr. filed a cross petition under the existing probate cause number to contest the 2019
will, seeking to admit an earlier 2016 will. The cross petition has an electronic stamp at the top
that says, “RCVD $240 AXW,” suggesting that a filing fee may have been paid.
Fredrick Sr. sent his cross petition by mail to Frederick Jr.’s attorney and to all devisees
listed for the existing probate proceeding. Frederick Jr.’s attorney filed an acceptance of service
of the cross petition that expressly did not waive “any procedural or substantive objections or
arguments” pertaining to the petition, other than for its service. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 74.
Frederick Sr. did not serve any person with a summons.
In July 2020, Frederick Jr. filed a motion to dismiss the cross petition. Frederick Jr. argued
that Frederick Sr. failed to file his will contest as a separate action as required by the Trust and
Estate Dispute Resolution Act (TEDRA), chapter 11.96A RCW, and, further, that he failed to serve
a summons with his cross petition.
Frederick Jr.’s motion also sought reasonable attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW
11.24.050 and RCW 11.96A.150. Frederick Sr.’s response argued that it was premature to address
fees at that early stage in the case and that an additional hearing would be required to determine
whether he brought his cross petition in good faith under RCW 11.24.050. At the hearing on the
motion to dismiss, neither party addressed whether it was premature to consider attorney fees under
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No. 55870-0-II
RCW 11.24.050 during their oral arguments. The superior court did not inquire about attorney
fees, the statutory requirements, or suggest that it needed more information from the parties on the
underlying substance of the cross petition to decide whether to award fees.
By written ruling months after the oral argument, the superior court granted Frederick Jr.’s
motion to dismiss with prejudice. After reviewing TEDRA’s legislative history, the superior court
determined that TEDRA requires that a will contest be filed as a new action separate from an
existing probate proceeding and Frederick Sr. failed to do so. The superior court also concluded
that, under these circumstances, a summons was required to be served and that Frederick Sr. failed
to do this as well.
The superior court then awarded fees to Frederick Jr. under RCW 11.24.050, explaining
that it was unable to conclude that Frederick Sr. acted in good faith or with probable cause on the
limited facts it had before it.2 Although Frederick Sr.’s cross petition claimed that Lillian Dust
lacked capacity and was subject to undue influence in executing the 2019 will, the superior court
cited the absence of any affidavits to support these claims. Several days after the superior court
issued its written ruling, Frederick Sr. submitted a declaration purporting to support his claims.
But the record does not show that this information was raised to the superior court for its
consideration.
Frederick Sr. appeals the superior court’s order dismissing his cross petition and awarding
fees to Frederick Jr.
2
The superior court did not award fees to Frederick Jr. under RCW 11.96A.150 because the court
concluded that Frederick Sr. “did not file a TEDRA petition[, so] the court cannot award attorney
fees and costs under this latter statute.” CP at 229. Frederick Jr. brought a motion for
reconsideration of this decision, but the record does not show that the motion has been decided.
3
No. 55870-0-II
ANALYSIS
I. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
Will contest actions are special statutory proceedings generally governed by chapter 11.24
RCW. In re Estate of Jepsen, 184 Wn.2d 376, 380, 358 P.3d 403 (2015). A person contesting a
will must file a petition within four months of the will’s admission to probate. RCW 11.24.010.
The petitioner is then required to personally serve the personal representative within 90 days after
the petition is filed. RCW 11.24.010. A will contestant must satisfy RCW 11.24.010’s
requirements to commence a will contest action, and Washington courts strictly enforce the
requirements. Jepsen, 184 Wn.2d at 381.
Chapter 11.24 RCW is supplemented, but not superseded, by TEDRA. RCW
11.96A.080(2). TEDRA provides, “[a] judicial proceeding under this title must be commenced as
a new action.” RCW 11.96A.090(2). “Once commenced, the action may be consolidated with an
existing proceeding.” RCW 11.96A.090(3). The petitioner is also required to provide notice and,
under certain circumstances, serve a summons.3 RCW 11.24.020; RCW 11.96A.100(2).
We review a superior court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss de novo. Becker v. Cmty.
Health Sys., Inc., 184 Wn.2d 252, 257, 359 P.3d 746 (2015). We may affirm the superior court’s
3
RCW 11.96A.100(2) provides:
A summons must be served in accordance with this chapter and, where not
inconsistent with these rules, the procedural rules of court, however, if the
proceeding is commenced as an action incidental to an existing judicial proceeding
relating to the same trust or estate or nonprobate asset, notice must be provided by
summons only with respect to those parties who were not already parties to the
existing judicial proceedings.
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No. 55870-0-II
ruling on any ground supported by the record. LaMon v. Butler, 112 Wn.2d 193, 200-01, 770 P.2d
1027 (1989).
II. TEDRA’S “NEW ACTION” REQUIREMENT
Frederick Sr. argues that the superior court erred when it concluded that he failed to
properly challenge the probate proceeding. Although Frederick Sr. concedes that a will contest
must be filed as a new action under TEDRA, he appears to argue that the new action requirement
is unclear and he met this requirement because he paid a new filing fee. Frederick Jr. responds by
agreeing that a will contest must be initiated as a new action, but argues that Frederick Sr. failed
to do so here because the cross petition was filed within the underlying probate proceeding, not as
a separate action. We hold that Frederick Sr. did not comply with TEDRA’s requirement that a
will contest be initiated as a new action when he filed his cross petition under the same cause
number as the existing probate proceeding.
TEDRA directs that a will challenge can be initiated only through a new action. The
applicable provision, RCW 11.96A.090(2), previously provided for a judicial proceeding under
TEDRA to be initiated in one of two ways: (1) “as a new action” or (2) “as an action incidental to
an existing judicial proceeding relating to the same . . . estate.” Former RCW 11.96A.090(2)
(1999). But in 2013, this subsection was amended, and the language “action incidental to an
existing judicial proceeding” was removed by the legislature. LAWS OF 2013, ch. 246, § 2. As a
result, “[a] TEDRA proceeding may not be filed in an existing probate, trust, or guardianship case,
but must be commenced as a new and separate action.” In re Estate of Berry, 189 Wn. App. 368,
373 n.1, 358 P.3d 426 (2015).
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No. 55870-0-II
Frederick Sr. argues that even though he filed his cross petition in the same cause number
as the underlying probate proceeding, he satisfied the requirement for a new action because he
paid a filing fee. He claims that there are no reported cases holding that the new action requirement
was not met when a filing fee was paid. He also argues that assignment of a new cause number
by the clerk is an administrative function that is “mist shrouded” and not “essential to superior
court jurisdiction.” Appellant’s Brief at 24-25.
Frederick Sr.’s arguments are without merit. It is undisputed that he filed his cross petition
in the existing probate case. Frederick Sr.’s attempts to minimize the role of a new cause number
in delineating a new action are unpersuasive. Far from being a mist shrouded administrative
mystery assigned by the clerk, the cause number identifies the case file. The fact that Frederick
Sr. decided to file his cross petition under the same probate cause number is dispositive that he did
not file a new action, regardless of paying a new filing fee. See generally RCW 36.18.020
(authorizing county clerks to collect additional filing fees for counterclaims and cross claims filed
in existing cases). Given the plain language of RCW 11.96A.090(2), Frederick Sr.’s filing of a
cross petition under the same cause number as the existing probate proceeding did not comply with
TEDRA’s requirements for commencing a new action.
Moreover, the label of Frederick Sr.’s petition itself indicates his intent to not initiate a new
action. He titled the petition a “cross petition” to admit the 2016 will to probate. CP at 58. The
nomenclature of “cross petition” would be unusual in the context of a new and separate action.
TEDRA’s requirement that a will contest be brought as a new action provides an avenue
for individuals who are not parties to an existing probate proceeding to challenge a will that the
court has already admitted. See In re Estate of Black, 116 Wn. App. 492, 499, 66 P.3d 678, review
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No. 55870-0-II
granted, 150 Wn.2d 1018, 81 P.3d 119 (2003) (a new action “makes it possible for parties other
than those already appearing in the ‘existing judicial proceeding’ to contest the will”). Here,
Frederick Sr. was not a party to the underlying probate proceeding and, therefore, was arguably
not entitled to participate absent intervention explicitly permitted by the probate court. The
TEDRA requirement for Frederick Sr. to file a new action and then seek consolidation in the
probate proceeding ensures that his challenge is made with full notice to other beneficiaries and is
consistent with the statutory mechanisms through which the court obtains jurisdiction over parties.
See RCW 11.96A.090(2) and (3), RCW 11.96A.100(2).
Frederick Sr. did not comply with TEDRA’s new action requirement when he filed his
cross petition in the underlying probate proceeding. Therefore, the superior court did not err when
it dismissed his cross petition.4
III. ATTORNEY FEES
A. ATTORNEY FEES IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
Frederick Sr. argues that the superior court erred by awarding attorney fees to Frederick Jr.
pursuant to RCW 11.24.050. In awarding fees to Fredrick Jr., the superior court determined that
the pleadings did not include sufficient evidence that Frederick Sr. brought his cross petition in
good faith, as required by the statute. We agree with Frederick Sr. that it was error for the superior
court to assess fees against him under RCW 11.24.050.
4
Because we conclude that it was proper for the superior court to dismiss Frederick Sr.’s cross
petition because he failed to comply with TEDRA’s new action requirement, we do not reach the
issue of whether Frederick Sr. provided proper notice of his cross petition under RCW 11.24.020
and RCW 11.96A.100(2).
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No. 55870-0-II
RCW 11.24.050 provides that the superior court may assess reasonable attorney fees
against an unsuccessful will contestant “unless it appears that the contestant acted with probable
cause and in good faith.” We review a superior court’s decision to award attorney fees under RCW
11.24.050 for an abuse of discretion. In re Estate of Bussler, 160 Wn. App. 449, 470, 247 P.3d
821 (2011). A superior court abuses its discretion when its decision is “ ‘manifestly unreasonable,
or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons.’ ” In re Estate of Black, 153 Wn.2d
152, 172, 102 P.3d 796 (2004) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Downing, 151
Wn.2d 265, 272, 87 P.3d 1169 (2004)).
Here, the superior court awarded fees under RCW 11.24.050 based on the parties’
pleadings, including all materials submitted as part of the motion to dismiss. The superior court
explained that, based on the pleadings then existing in the court file, it could not find that Frederick
Sr. acted in good faith or with probable cause because he had not submitted any affidavits to
support the claims in his cross petition.
We determine that the superior court abused its discretion in assessing attorney fees against
Frederick Sr. With little explanation or analysis, Frederick Jr. requested fees under RCW
11.24.050 in his motion to dismiss. In his response, Frederick Sr. outlined the “good faith”
requirements of that statute and argued, “There is no evidence of good faith, or not, at this stage
of the proceedings, so it is premature to award fees pursuant to that statute, even if the court rules
in favor of [Frederick Jr.]” CP at 134. Frederick Jr. did not reply to this argument.
At the hearing, Frederick Jr. again did not address the timing of his fee request in his oral
remarks; indeed, neither party argued the issue of attorney fees. And the superior court did not
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No. 55870-0-II
inquire about the good faith or probable cause requirements in RCW 11.24.050 or suggest it would
be reviewing the file for factual support in the existing pleadings.
Under RCW 11.24.050, “where a will is upheld in a contest, the court may assess fees
against the contestant, if he or she did not act in good faith.” In re Estate of Marks, 91 Wn. App.
325, 337, 957 P.2d 235 (1998). A necessary predicate to this determination is the development of
a factual record from which the court could assess good faith. Here, Frederick Jr. brought a
procedural motion at the outset of this case, arguing that procedural defects in the initiation of
Frederick Sr.’s will contest required dismissal. Frederick Jr.’s motion was brought, properly so,
prior to the factual development of Frederick Sr.’s underlying allegations. And when Frederick
Sr. flagged the issue of ripeness in his response to the motion to dismiss, there was no meaningful
refutation by Frederick Jr. prior to the superior court’s decision. Given that the motion to dismiss
was made promptly and was purely procedural, Frederick Sr. could not reasonably have been
expected to develop the factual basis for his claims absent more direction from the superior court.
RCW 11.24.050, with its trigger rooted in the substantive determination of good faith, is ill-suited
to serve as a basis for fees this early in a case and under these particular circumstances. Therefore,
we hold that the superior court abused its discretion by assessing attorney fees against Frederick
Sr. under RCW 11.24.050.
B. ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL
Both parties request attorney fees under RAP 18.1 and RCW 11.96A.150. Frederick Jr.
additionally requests fees under RCW 11.24.050.
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No. 55870-0-II
Under RAP 18.1(a), a party may request attorney fees on appeal if “applicable law” grants
them the right to recover the fees. RCW 11.96A.150 grants the court discretion to award attorney
fees to any party in any proceeding governed by TEDRA. RCW 11.96A.150(1) and (2). This
includes estates, and an award of fees under the statute is not limited by RCW 11.24.050. RCW
11.96A.150(2); see also Berry, 189 Wn. App. at 379 (“The authority granted by RCW 11.96A.150
to award attorney fees is not limited to actions initiated under chapter 11.96A RCW.”). “[T]he
court may consider any and all factors that it deems to be relevant and appropriate, which factors
may but need not include whether the litigation benefits the estate or trust involved.” RCW
11.96A.150(1).
On appeal, Frederick Jr. prevails on the issue of whether the superior court properly
dismissed Frederick Sr.’s petition, but Frederick Sr. prevails on the issue of whether the superior
court properly awarded fees to Frederick Jr. under RCW 11.24.050. We decline to award fees on
appeal to either party.
CONCLUSION
Although the superior court properly dismissed Frederick Sr.’s cross petition with
prejudice, it erred by awarding attorney fees to Frederick Jr under RCW 11.24.050. Accordingly,
we affirm the superior court’s order in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings
consistent with our opinion. We deny both parties’ requests for attorney fees on appeal.
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No. 55870-0-II
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
PRICE, J.
We concur:
GLASGOW, C.J.
LEE, J.
11