State v. Walters

ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J.

¶ 1. The petitioner, State of Wisconsin, seeks review of a published decision of the court of appeals that reversed the defendant's conviction on three counts of sexual assault of a child.¹ The State asserts that the court of appeals wrongfully interpreted State v. Davis, 2002 WI 75, 254 Wis. 2d 1, 645 N.W.2d 913, as "compelling" the admission of the defendant's proffered Richard A.P.² evidence, which compared the personality characteristics of the defendant with the personality characteristics of known sex offenders. Additionally, the State claims the court of appeals erred in concluding that the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion in excluding the evidence.

¶ 2. We take this opportunity to clarify that the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence is not compelled by Davis, but rather is subject to the discretionary determination of the circuit court. Because we conclude that the circuit court here did not erroneously exercise its discretion in excluding the proffered evidence, we reverse the court of appeals.

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¶ 3. On December 28,1998, the defendant, Steven G. Walters, was charged with three counts of first-degree sexual assault of a child, contrary to Wis. Stat. 948.02(1) (1999-2000).³ Prior to trial and in response to discovery demands, the parties exchanged witness lists. Walters notified the State that he planned to present expert testimony from Dr. Ralph Underwager⁴ and Ms. Hollida Wakefield. He intended that these two experts testify as to adult behaviors towards children and eliciting statements and the characteristics of child molesters.

¶ 4. In response, the State filed a motion in limine, asking the circuit court to preclude Walters from calling any expert "to testify that the defendant is less likely to have committed this sexual assault because of some psychological make-up." In addition to challenging the witnesses' expertise and the reliability of their opinions, the State claimed that the testimony would not satisfy the requirements of State v. Richard A.P. "which the state believes was wrongfully decided . ..." The State further argued that such testimony would invade the province of the jury and that its probative value was outweighed by its prejudice to the State.

¶ 5. Circuit Court Judge John R. Race presided over pretrial hearings, spanning a period of three days. At these hearings, Walters made an offer of proof as to the testimony of Ms. Wakefield and Dr. Underwager.

¶ 6. Wakefield testified that she had conducted several psychological tests on Walters and was prepared to testify as to Walters's personality characteristics and those of known sex offenders. The record reveals the following exchange between Walters's counsel and Ms. Wakefield:

Q. So as an offer of proof, you would be prepared to testify as an expert as it related to the defendant's character?

A. His personality characteristics.

Q. And compare that against known sex offenders?

A. Yes, I would also talk about the characteristics of known sexual offenders, and I would assume that the finder of fact would he the one to draw any conclusions from that.

Wakefield explained that she would not give any opinion on the ultimate issues of fact. Rather, she stated that her testimony "gives information for the trier of fact in weighing probabilities."

¶ 7. Judge Race issued a memorandum decision on December 20, 1999, in which he concluded that Ms. Wakefield's testimony was admissible. Judge Race observed that "[w]hether or not the state likes the Richard A.P. case or not, it is still the law which I must follow. . . ." He then denied the State's motion to exclude the evidence.

¶ 8. Pursuant to the standardized judicial rotation in Walworth County, Circuit Court Judge James L. Carlson assumed the felony court assignment, replacing Judge Race in the case. On May 17, 2000, the State filed a motion asking Judge Carlson to reconsider Judge Race's ruling. In this motion, the State alleged that "Judge Race was mistaken when he stated that he must follow the holding in Richard A.R" and "[ojbviously Richard A.P. is a wrong decision and contrary to precedent nation wide."

¶ 9. Judge Carlson conducted hearings on the State's motion and ordered Walters to present a synopsis of the pretrial offer of proof testimony. He decided to exclude the Richard A.P. evidence, concluding that it had minimal probative value and was substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, and the danger that' it might mislead the jury. He explained:

[T]o suggest that statistical analyses of people in prison with psychological disorders and their personality profiles' would make it less likely that this defendant would offend is of minimal probative value.

I'm not saying it doesn't have any probative value. Minimal probative value in comparison to — Well, I'm employing 904.03. Relevant evidence can be excluded if the probative value is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues or the fact that it might he misleading to the jury. I think all of those would apply here.

I think the probative value is slight, from just my own experience as a judge, seeing that all types of people can be involved in sexual assaults, whether they have a psychological profile of a sexual offender or not, and also from the studies which have been submitted in the briefs. I think in that regard, John - I'm not sure if that cite is correct. It says 1 John E.B. Meyer, evidence in child abuse and neglect cases, Section 5.54 ed. 2d. I would say third edition 1997. Just say that it's not reliable. Profile testimony is not reliable.

And I heard -1 heard the lengthy testimony that these witnesses gave, and I think it would just - it would be - it would obscure the real issues here of credibility of witnesses and the jury function of weighing that credibility to have substantial evidence about this wandering - I just have to admit they went all over.⁵ Your outline summary even takes two, three pages. Would be substantially confusing to the jury and it would cause unfair prejudice to the State because again, it would cause them to, in this case and in future' cases, to have a battle of experts on a matter that is of slight probative value. And I think that could confuse the jury and mislead the jury.

So I'm rejecting the use of these expert witnesses to get into the issue of profile evidence for the reasons I've stated.

¶ 10. Walters then filed a motion for an interlocutory appeal, which was denied. Subsequently, a jury found him guilty of three counts of sexual assault of a child.

¶ 11. On appeal, Walters claimed that Judge Carlson had erred in granting the State's motion for reconsideration and prohibiting him from offering expert testimony regarding profile and personality characteristics. The court of appeals agreed and reversed his conviction.

¶ 12. In its decision, the court of appeals concluded that the circuit court did not apply the proper legal standard in excluding the proffered Richard A.P. evidence. State v. Walters, 2003 WI App 24, 260 Wis. 2d 210, ¶ 24, 659 N.W.2d 151. It explained that while the circuit court had conducted a relevancy analysis, "the analysis was colored by the trial court's belief that Richard A.P. was seriously limited as authority and that other jurisdictions have held such evidence to be inadmissible." Id., ¶ 16. The court determined that the evidence had probative value and was not outweighed by any possible danger of unfair prejudice. Id., ¶ 24. Accordingly, it observed that State v. Davis "compels a different result here than the one arrived at by the trial court." Id., ¶ 17.

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¶ 13. This case addresses a circuit court's eviden-tiary ruling that excluded expert testimony comparing the personality characteristics of the defendant with the personality characteristics of known sex offenders. We review a circuit court's decision to exclude such evidence under the erroneous exercise of discretion standard. State v. Pharr, 115 Wis. 2d 334, 342, 340 N.W.2d 498 (1983).

¶ 14. An appellate court will uphold an eviden-tiary ruling if it concludes that the circuit court examined the relevant facts, applied a proper standard of law, used a demonstrated rational process, and reached a conclusion that a reasonable judge could reach. Loy v. Bunderson, 107 Wis. 2d 400, 414-15, 320 N.W.2d 175 (1982). Any question that arises in reviewing whether the circuit court applied a proper legal standard, however, presents a question of law subject to independent appellate review. City of Madison v. Wisconsin Dep't of Workforce Dev., 2003 WI 76, ¶ 10, 262 Wis. 2d 652, 664 N.W.2d 584.

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¶ 15. The primary thrust of the State's argument is that the court of appeals misapplied this court's decision in Davis and wrongfully viewed Davis as "compelling" the admission of Richard A.P. testimony. Additionally, the State contends the court of appeals erred when it reversed the discretionary determination of the circuit court to exclude the proffered evidence.

¶ 16. In order to understand the issues in this case, we must first examine the law governing the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence. The term "Richard A.P. evidence" comes from a decision of the court of appeals in which a defendant accused of molesting a child sought to introduce character evidence through the testimony of a psychologist. State v. Richard A.P., 223 Wis. 2d 777, 795, 589 N.W.2d 674 (Ct. App. 1998). The testimony was intended to demonstrate that the defendant did not exhibit character traits consistent with a sexual disorder such as pedophilia. Id. The defendant's expert planned to testify that the defendant's "sexual history and responses to specific testing about his sexual behavior did not show evidence of any diagnosable sexual disorder." Id. at 791. Additionally, the expert would testify that absent such a diagnosable disorder, it was unlikely that such a person would molest a child. Id.

¶ 17. The court of appeals in Richard A.R concluded that such evidence was both relevant and admissible under Wis. Stat. § 907.02,⁶ the general rule governing expert testimony, and Wis. Stat. § 904.04(1)(a),⁷ the rule governing character evidence. Id. at 795. It observed that such testimony would have assisted the jury in determining the likelihood that the defendant committed the charged offenses. Id. at 792. Moreover, it cited support for the proposition that such "arguments or evidence about character profile, which seek to explain conduct or the absence of it, must be supported by competent underlying expert testimony." Id. at 794 (citing King v. State, 75 Wis. 2d 26, 248 N.W.2d 458 (1977), and State v. Pulizzano, 155 Wis. 2d 633, 456 N.W.2d 325 (1990)).

¶ 18. In State v. Davis, this court revisited Richard A.P. and addressed whether such evidence is generally admissible at trial. Davis, 254 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 2. There, the defendant's expert intended to testify that the defendant did not exhibit character traits consistent with a sexual disorder such as pedophilia. Furthermore, because the defendant did not possess such character traits, he would have been unlikely to commit a sexual assault on his daughter. Id., ¶ 5. The State argued for a blanket restriction on Richard A.P. evidence on grounds that it has low probative value and is substantially outweighed by its inherent dangers. Id., ¶ 14.

¶ 19. The court in Davis expressly rejected the State's request for a blanket restriction and declined to overrule Richard A.P. Instead, it concluded that the rules on character evidence and expert testimony allow for the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence. Id., ¶ 16.

¶ 20. Specifically, the court determined that traits regarding the defendant's propensity to commit sexual assault are pertinent traits of his character. Id., ¶ 18. It noted that such evidence has probative value in sexual assault cases, "where there is often no neutral witness to the assault and there is seldom any physical evidence implicating the defendant." Id. Additionally, the court observed that such evidence might be useful to the jury "helping it to determine a fact in issue, that is, whether the defendant committed the crime, by showing circumstantial evidence of the defendant's innocence." Id.

¶ 21. However, the Davis court observed that a circuit court is entrusted to act as a gatekeeper with the power to exclude unduly prejudicial evidence. Id., ¶ 21. It explained that, "the circuit court retains discretion in admitting such evidence and must carefully scrutinize such Richard A.P. expert testimony in each case for its admissibility." Id.

¶ 22. In the present case, the State contends that the court of appeals wrongfully interpreted Davis as compelling the admission of the defendant's proffered Richard A.P. evidence. In support of its argument, the State directs this court's attention to the following excerpt of the court of appeals' opinion: "Thus while we agree with the State that Davis applies to the case at hand, we conclude that Davis compels a different result here than the one arrived at by the trial court." Walters, 260 Wis. 2d 210, ¶ 17.

¶ 23. However, in focusing on the excerpted portion of the opinion, the State fails to give any import to the several passages that consistently emphasize that although Richard A.P. evidence maybe admissible, such admissibility is subject to the sound discretion of the circuit court. ("The discretion to admit or exclude Richard A.P evidence remains with the trial court." Id., ¶ 14. "[T]he rules on character evidence and expert testimony allow for the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence.. . Id., ¶ 18. "Again, the admissibility of expert testimony is committed to the discretion of the trial court." Id., ¶ 28.)

¶ 24. Thus, we read the court of appeals' opinion here differently than does the State. To the extent that the opinion can be read to interpret Davis as compelling the admission of proffered Richard A.P. evidence, however, we take this opportunity to clarify and reemphasize that the decision to admit or exclude Richard A.P. evidence remains a discretionary determination.

¶ 25. Richard A.P. evidence, like other expert evidence, is subject to the requirements of the rules governing the admissibility of evidence. These include not only the rules governing character evidence and expert testimony, but also Wis. Stat. § 904.03,⁸ the rule governing the exclusion of otherwise relevant evidence.

¶ 26. The Davis court aptly set forth the framework of analysis in evaluating the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence. It instructs:

The rules on character evidence and expert testimony allow for the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence. Under our rules of evidence, a defendant may introduce "pertinent trait[s]" of his or her character as evidence. Wis. Stat. § 904.04(l)(a). "Pertinent" refers to the relevance of the traits. 7 Daniel Blinka, Wisconsin Practice: Wisconsin Evidence § 404.4, at 133 (2d ed. 2001). Thus, like all admissible evidence, character evidence must be relevant to the facts at issue. Relevancy has two facets: (1) the evidence must relate to a fact or proposition that is of consequence to the determination of the action and (2) the evidence must have probative value, that is, a tendency to establish those consequential propositions. Id. at § 401.1 at 82.

Davis, 254 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 16.

¶ 27. In addressing the expert testimony necessary for Richard A.P. evidence, the Davis court advised:

Expert testimony is permitted when specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact. See Wis. Stat. § 907.02. Again, relevancy of the testimony is an essential requirement for the admissibility of such expert testimony. Blinka, supra, § 702.2, at 473. In addition, admissibility of the expert testimony depends on the qualifications of the expert and the usefulness of the testimony to the trier of fact. Id. The testimony is useful if it will assist the trier of fact to understand evidence or to determine a fact in issue. Id.; Wis. Stat. § 907.02.

Id., ¶ 17.

¶ 28. Finally, we note that circuit courts may employ the balancing test of Wis. Stat. § 904.03. Under this rule, relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. Wis. Stat. § 904.03.

IV

¶ 29. Having established that Davis does not compel the admission of Richard A.P. evidence, we turn next to the issue of whether the circuit court erroneously exercised its discretion. The court of appeals determined that the circuit court’s analysis was "colored" by its belief that Richard A.P. was seriously limited as authority and that other jurisdictions have held such evidence to be inadmissible. Walters, 260 Wis. 2d 210, ¶ 16. Although we note concerns about the circuit court's analysis, we nevertheless determine that the record supports its exercise of discretion in excluding the evidence.

¶ 30. As discussed above, Davis requires that Richard A.P. evidence relate to pertinent traits of a defendant's character.⁹ It determined that traits relating to the likelihood that a defendant committed a sexual assault are relevant. Here, the circuit court concluded that Walters's proffered evidence was relevant.

¶ 31. However, while the circuit court found the evidence to be relevant, it concluded that it was of "minimal probative value." Probative value is a product of relevance and an assessment of what the evidence is likely to add to the case. 7 Daniel D. Blinka, Wisconsin Practice: Wisconsin Evidence § 403.1, at 114 (2d ed. 2001). In reaching its conclusion that the evidence was minimally probative, the circuit court relied upon its experience as a judge in observing the types of individuals that have been involved in sexual assaults as well as studies supplied by the parties in their briefs. The circuit court also cited a treatise indicating that profile testimony was unreliable.

¶ 32. After determining that the evidence was minimally probative, the circuit court went a step further than the Davis court and applied Wis. Stat. § 904.03. When applying § 904.03, a circuit court is required to compare the probative value of the evidence against other countervailing factors. Id. at 113.

¶ 33. The circuit court conducted such a balancing test and considered the potential for the confusion of the issues, and its propensity to mislead the jury. The court stated that the proffered evidence would be inappropriately "lengthy" and "wandering" and would "obscure" the real issue of witness credibility.

¶ 34. Although a Wis. Stat. § 904.03 analysis was the basis of the determination to exclude the evidence, the circuit court nevertheless referenced a treatise indicating that such evidence is unreliable. Such a reference is a cause for concern here because an argument that the evidence was unreliable was offered as grounds to exclude outright similar testimony in Davis. There, the court noted that in Wisconsin, "the reliability of expert testimony is an issue for the trier of fact, not the circuit court as a predicate for admissibility." Davis, 254 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 22.

¶ 35. Likewise, the circuit court's conclusion that the "battle of experts" would cause the State unfair prejudice raises concern. Again, this issue was advanced by the State in Davis. The Davis court found this argument unpersuasive, noting that, "a battle between experts is a frequent occurrence in criminal cases where specialized knowledge on a relevant issue is required." 254 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 20.

¶ 36. However, on balance, the record supports the circuit court's conclusion that the minimal probative value of Walters's proffered expert testimony was substantially outweighed by the danger that the issues would be confused and the jury would be misled. The circuit court determined first that although relevant, the evidence was minimally probative. Character evidence as proof of conduct may properly be determined to be of low probative value in a given case. See Blinka, Wisconsin Practice: Wisconsin Evidence, § 404.1, at 124.

¶ 37. Here, due to the victims' late reporting, there was a six-year gap between the first alleged assault and Wakefield's evaluations. During the time frame when the assaults occurred, Walters had a drinking problem. However, when Wakefield evaluated him, he told her that he was no longer drinking and no longer believed that he had a problem with alcohol. At the offer of proof hearing, Wakefield testified that the tests administered assess personality, and that personalities are generally consistent, but can be altered by the consumption of alcohol. She indicated that her test results did not take into account whether the alleged assaultive behavior was triggered by alcohol consumption. This circumstance further minimized the probative value of the expert testimony.

¶ 38. At the motion for reconsideration, the circuit court remarked that the proffered testimony did not reach the level of the offer of proof as characterized by the court in Richard A.P. Unlike the offers of proof in both Richard A.P. and Davis, Wakefield would not have offered any conclusions as to Walters's propensity to commit sexual assault. Rather she testified:

What I've done is assess Mr. Walters' personality so that the finder of fact can look at it. And I can talk about what kind of personality child sexual abusers are more likely to have. But clearly you are always going to have some people who aren't child abusers who have the same kind of problems and you are going to find some child abusers who don't have them, but it's a matter of probability. These are characteristics found more often in child sexual abusers, and I can talk about those.

Given the nature of the evidence, the circumstances of the testing, and the scope of the proffered testimony, we determine that the circuit court arrived at a conclusion that a reasonable judge could make when it assessed the evidence to be of low probative value.

¶ 39. The record also supports the circuit court's opinion that the testimony would be sufficiently "lengthy" and "wandering" and could mislead the jury. The defense expert conducted a battery of seven psychological evaluations on the defendant, the results of which would be detailed at trial.¹⁰ An expert would need to explain each of these evaluations to the jury, vouch for their reliability, in addition to explaining the results of the evaluations and the conclusions drawn from them.

¶ 40. Without this expert testimony, the testimonial portion of Walters's trial lasted one day. In contrast, the offer of proof hearing consumed approximately 165 pages of transcript over three days of hearing. Additionally, the defense counsel initially informed Judge Carlson that he had anticipated the experts' testimony would add another three days to the trial. In sum, the admission of this evidence potentially would have increased significantly the length of the trial.

¶ 41. In light of the scope and length of the proffered expert testimony in relation to the rest of the testimony, we determine that the circuit court arrived at a conclusion that a reasonable judge could make and that this testimony could have misled the jury and confused the issues in this case. Given the time spent on collateral forays, it was also reasonable for the circuit court to conclude that these dangers substantially outweighed the probative value of the expert testimony here.

¶ 42. Thus, we determine that there is neither a blanket restriction of Richard A.P. evidence nor is it compelled. Rather, courts must scrutinize such evidence on a case-by-case basis to assess admissibility. Such evidence has probative value in sexual assault cases where there often is no neutral witness to the assault and seldom any physical evidence implicating the defendant. Davis, 254 Wis. 2d 1, ¶ 18. Moreover, it may be of special importance to the jury by helping it to determine whether the defendant committed the crime, by showing circumstantial evidence of the defendant's innocence. Id.

¶ 43. We conclude that the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its discretion in excluding the proffered testimony. Although the State questioned the precedential value of Richard A.P. at the motion for reconsideration, ultimately the court determined the testimony to be relevant, applied a Wis. Stat. § 904.03 analysis, and reached a conclusion that a reasonable judge could reach. Accordingly, we uphold the eviden-tiary ruling of the circuit court.

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¶ 44. In sum, we determine that the admissibility of Richard A.P. evidence is not compelled by Davis, but rather is subject to the sound discretion of the circuit court. Because we conclude that the circuit court here did not erroneously exercise its discretion in excluding the proffered evidence, we reverse the court of appeals.

By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.

1 State v. Walters, 2003 WI App 24, 260 Wis. 2d 210, 659 N.W.2d 151 (reversing a decision of the circuit court for Walworth County, James L. Carlson, Judge).

2 State v. Richard A.P., 223 Wis. 2d 777, 795, 589 N.W.2d 674 (Ct. App. 1998).

3 All statutory references are to the 1999-2000 version of the Wisconsin Statutes unless otherwise noted.

4 Dr. Underwager's expert testimony concerned interviewing techniques used to obtain information from the two victims. The court of appeals affirmed the circuit court's decision to exclude his testimony, and Walters does not challenge that decision in this case.

5 At the pretrial hearing, defense counsel challenged Judge Carlson's statement that he had heard the testimony of the expert witnesses in this case. Judge Carlson later clarified that he had heard their testimony in a previous, unrelated case. He also stated on the record that he had reviewed the transcripts of the pretrial hearings in the present case.

6 Wisconsin Stat. § 907.02 provides:

907.02 Testimony by experts. If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, expertise, training, or education, may testily thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

7 Wisconsin Stat. § 904.04(l)(a) provides:

(1) CHARACTER EVIDENCE GENERALLY. Evidence of a person's character or a trait of the person's character is not admissible for the purpose of proving that the person acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, except:

(a) Character of accused. Evidence of a pertinent trait of the accused's character offered hy an accused, or by the prosecution to rehut the same.

8 Wisconsin Stat. § 904.03 provides:

Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

9 Although the State acknowledges that State v. Davis, 2002 WI 75, 254 Wis. 2d 1, 645 N.W.2d 913, applies to this case, it asserts that the defendant's proffered testimony did not reach the level of the testimony at issue in Richard A.R We need not address whether Walters's expert testimony met the technical requirements of Richard A.R because both sides agree in this case that the testimony was relevant.

10 The seven psychological evaluations performed on the defendant were the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Millón Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - III, Shipley Institute of Living Scale, Adjective Checklist, Biographical Data Sheet, and Hare Psychopathy checklist.