Judges： Marshall
Filed Date： 12/13/1904
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/16/2024
It seems that from the time of drawing; the complaint to the entry of judgment there was want of appreciation of the broad distinction between ordinary negligence and intentional wrongdoing, the former .being characterized by inadvertence and the latter by advertence, the-one requiring intent, actual or constructive to injure, and the other being inconsistent therewith.- Under the decisions-of this court, and by the better rule, it is believed, prevailing ■whenever the doctrine of comparative negligence does not prevail, as it does not here, that species of wrong, which has-been denominated in this and some other jurisdictions gross negligence, is impossible if there is mere want of ordinary care. Therefore to charge that an alleged wrongdoer was-guilty of .one species of wrongful conduct, and allow a recovery for guilt of the other, or to charge both as characterizing: the same wrongful act and allow a general recovery is wrong.. A pleading with such an infirmity is indefinite and uncertain and open to a motion on that ground. .The practice of charging that one caused injury to another by careless, negligent,, wanton and wilful misconduct, or of using language of similar import in attempting to state a cause of action is improper. This court so held, in effect, in Bolin v. C., St. P., M. & O. R. Co. 108 Wis. 333, 84 N. W. 446, and cases there-referred to, and so held expressly in Wilson v. Chippewa Valley E. R. Co. 120 Wis. 636, 98 N. W. 536. In the former this language was used:
*302 “Inadvertence, in some degree, is the .distinguishing characteristic of negligence, while misconduct of a more reprehensible character, characterized by rashness, wantonness and recklessness of a person as regards the personal safety of another, has been designated by this court as gross negligence,” That involves “a sufficient degree of intent at least to be inconsistent with inadvertence.”
In the last case cited this court said of the effect of the decision in the Bolin Case as to a wrong of this nature (one alleged to have been characterized by wantonness and willfulness) :
“There is really no element of inadvertence, which is a necessary element of negligence, and hence the term ‘gross negligence,’ as applicable to this class of wrongs, is inaccurate. The conclusion is that when this kind of wrong is charged, as in the present case, though it be called ‘gross negligence,’ it does not logically include ordinary negligence any more than a charge of ordinary negligence includes intentional wrong.”
In Decker v. McSorley, 116 Wis. 643, 93 N. W. 808, it was said that:
“No degree of mere carelessness or inadvertence constitutes gross negligence or willful misconduct.”
And in Watermolen v. Fox River E. R. & P. Co. 110 Wis. 153, 85 N. W. 663, that:
“It is obvious that no degree of mere carelessness or inadvertence, however remote from the care customarily used either by the ordinary careful man or by the exceptionally ■careless one, constitutes gross negligence.” The latter suggests necessarily intent, either actual or constructive, to cause injury, or “conduct evincing a total disregard for the safety ■of persons or property.”
The doctrine above indicated is not supported by authorities universally, though the want of harmony will be generally found to grow out of the fact that the doctrine of comparative negligence prevails in some jurisdictions and not in others. Authorities on both sides of the question are cited in
“To constitute a willful injury, the act which produced it must have been intentional, or must have been done under such circumstances as evinced a reckless disregard for the safety of others, and a willingness to inflict the injury complained of. It involves conduct which is gzicm’-criminal. . The words ‘careless’ and ‘negligent’ used in com junction, have not always been employed with strict regard for accuracy of expression. To say that an injury resulted from the negligent and willful conduct of another, is to affirm that the same act is the result of two exactly opposite mental conditions. It is to affirm in one breath that an act was done through inattention, thoughtlessly, heedlessly, and at the same time purposely and by design. ... It is only necessary to say that the distinction between cases falling within the one class or the other, is clear and well defined, and cases in neither class are aided by importing into them attributes pertaining to the other.”
In Cleveland, C., C. & St. L. R. Co. v. Miller, 149 Ind. 490-501, 49 N. E. 445, 449, that court said:
“The tuTo terms (‘negligence’ and ‘willfulness’) _ are incompatible. Uegligence arises from inattention, thoughtlessness, or heedlessness, while willfulness cannot exist without purpose or design. Úo purpose or design can be said to exist where the injurious act results from negligence, and negligence cannot be of such a degree as to become willfulness. . The doctrine of comparative negligence does not obtain recognition in this state . . . and when willfulness*304 is the essential element in the act or conduct of the party charged with the wrong, the case ceases to he one of negligence. Willfulness and negligence are the opposites of each other; the former signifying the presence of intention and the latter its absence.”
To the same effect are Parker v. Pennsylvania Co. 134 Ind. 673, 34 N. E. 504; Highland A. & B. Railroad Co. v. Winn, 93 Ala. 306, 9 South. 509; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Johnston, 79 Ala. 436; Levin v. M. & C. R. Co. 109 Ala. 332, 19 South. 395; Wabash R. Co. v. Speer, 156 Ill. 244, 40 N. E. 835; Ruter v. Foy, 46 Iowa, 132; Matthews v. Warners Adm’r, 29 Grat. 570; Denman v. Johnston, 85 Mich. 387, 48 N. W. 565; Menger v. Laur, 55 N. J. Law, 205, 26 Atl. 180; and 7 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 443. From the foregoing it will be seen that in charging liability, either springing from the want of ordinary care or an intentional wrong, causing personal injury to one, nothing is-to be gained by a multiplicity of adjectives or adverbs. When it is stated that the wrongdoer failed to exercise ordinary care in a case grounded on ordinary negligence, or that he acted willfully in a case based on gross negligence, so called, nothing in any circumstances can be added by otherwise characterizing the wrong, except by way of emphasis, which of course is immaterial to the liability, or the measure thereof. In confusing the two species of wrong, as if one was of the same character as the other, only greater in degree, there is liability of rendering the pleading indefinite and leading to a fatal variance between it and the proof and also to an inconsistent verdict.
There was an objection here to any evidence under the complaint because of uncertainty of the nature above spoken of. The theory of appellant’s counsel seems to have been then, and to be still, that the charge of inadvertent conduct and of willfulness neutralized each other, rendering the complaint insufficient to state any cause of action. We think otherwise.
“If the essential facts can be gathered from the pleading; o*r may reasonably be inferred from the allegations it is good though such allegations be in form uncertain and incomplete.”
It is considered that a charge that an act was negligently,, carelessly and willfully done, or done negligently, carelessly and in disregard of consequences as to the personal safety of others, though open to a motion to make more definite and. certain by removing the feature rendering it necessary to determine by construction what character of wrong is relied upon may reasonably be said to charge gross negligence.. Therefore the objection to evidence under the complaint: was properly overruled. However, since the .objection directed attention to a probability that the pleader may have intended to charge both ordinary negligence and gross negligence, to set forth two causes of action of a somewhat inconsistent character, the court in overruling it should have con
The practice adopted here of declining to construe the complaint as to the particular species of wrongdoing intended to be charged therein and confining plaintiff thereto, and permitting a recovery upon the ground of ordinary and gross negligence as well, is very reprehensible. To allow such a practice to gain a foothold in our system would lead to prejudicial confusion and uncertainty in the administration of justice. The jury were directed to find as to issues appropriate to two distinct and somewhat inconsistent causes of action, when the complaint should have been construed as 'charging but one. It should have been held to state a cause ■of action for gross negligence. We have a verdict finding that degree of wrong, and in effect finding that a lesser degree was the proximate cause of the injury. It may appear somewhat technical to hold that such a verdict xoresents a well-defined and fatal inconsistency, but the practice contemplated by the Code that the plaintiff shall state, under*-standingly to the defendant and the court, the facts as to the cause of action he relies upon, and if there are two causes that they shall not be inconsistent, and that the recovery shall be in harmony therewith, is so invaded by that adopted by the trial court that we feel constrained to condemn it, not overlooking sec. 2829, and the scope thereof, as declared'by this
Since no recovery can be sustained under tbe complaint for ordinary negligence, all questions presented upon tbe appeal, appertaining to tbe subject of contributory negligence of Sarau, are immaterial and will therefore not be considered. If tbe injury was caused by gross misconduct of appellant’s servant, conduct involving at least constructive intent to do tbe act complained of, whether Sarau did or did not exercise ordinary care to protect himself does not affect tbe right of respondents to recover, either for tbe damages caused to tbe deceased or to tbe surviving relatives. Bolin v. C., St. P., M. & O. R. Co. 108 Wis. 333, 84 N. W. 446.
Tbe point is made that there was no evidence of willful misconduct on tbe part of appellant’s servant, who controlled tbe car, and therefore a verdict should have been directed in appellant’s favor. It seems to us otherwise. There was evidence tending to show that when tbe car reached a point where tbe motorman was in full view of tbe marchers, and for a considerable period of time thereafter, be must have observed tbe danger those in its pathway were in and bad ample opportunity to guard against it; that be must have seen that tbe marchers were proceeding entirely unconscious of tbe approach of bis car; that with tbe noise of tbe band and other noises made by them it was quite improbable that they would, or might not, observe tbe car in time to give way for it to pass; that by repeated signals from tbe conductor he was directed to slacken tbe speed of tbe car, and if necessary stop it before reaching tbe space occupied by tbe marchers, and that, nevertheless, be made no effort to do so until it bad traveled through a large part of such space and up to within a few feet of Sarau, at tbe rate of fifteen miles per hour, or about twenty-two feet per second. A jury might well find under such circumstances conscious disregard of human life,
A person with Sarau at the place of the injury when he regained consciousness in answer to this question, “What did he say if anything that would indicate pain and suffering said:
“He raised his right leg, at that time he knew he was hurt and he didn’t know whether his leg was off or whether it was-cut although he felt the pain and he thought they were either-squeezing it or doing something to it and he wanted us to- let go, seeing we didn’t let go he raised his right leg and tried to kick us and we held his right leg down.”
It is easily seen that the answer is not responsive to the question. Error is assigned because the court refused to strike it out. Whether appellant was, or may have been, prejudiced thereby does not clearly apirear. As a rule unresponsive answers by a witness should be promptly stricken out, upon a motion being seasonably made therefor. The orderly conduct of trials requires that litigants shall have a reasonable enforcement of that rule. '
Several witnesses were permitted to testify to what they heard Sarau say, or do-, or how he acted shortly after he was injured, some of the occurrences being while he was on the way to the hospital from the place of the injury, and some immediately upon, or soon after, his arrival at the hospital, indicating that he was conscious and suffering pain. That.
Evidence was permitted as to what the duties of a motorman were, operating a car manned by a -conductor, as in this case. The question was evidently not aimed at what the duty of the mótorman was, as a matter of law, but as to what the incidents of his position were in that regard under the contract of employment. Presumably, the purpose of the question was to show -that he was not required to do anything interfering with observing the situation of thoáe upon the track in the pathway of his car on the occasion in question, and that he recklessly and consciously disobeyed the conductor’s orders to stop the car before the event complained of. The bearing of the evidence was on the claim of willful misconduct imputable to appellant. In that light we see no reason why the evidence was not proper.
Further complaint is made because evidence was permitted
Error is assigned because one, who was in the procession some distance behind Sarau, was permitted to testify that as the car passed him, he said “Eor God’s sake stop that car!” It was then in dangerous proximity to Sarau. The exclamation was made within hearing distance of the motorman. lie may, or may not, have heard it. It was within the probabilities that he did. So the evidence, though not competent to show the speed of the car, or that it was going at a dangerous rate of speed, was competent as bearing on the question of whether the motorman operated the car in conscious disregard of the safety of others.
One of the marchers, who was some distance behind Sarau, having testified, without objection, that seeing the danger to those on the car track, he stepped forward to take hold of some of them, his idea being to run on to the track for that purpose, but that there was no show and he stepped back, was permitted to answer a question as to- why there was no show. The answer was not strictly responsive thereto, but there was no motion to strike it out. The question merely asked for an explanation of previous evidence. No reason is suggested, or is perceived, why that was not proper. A number of other
Complaint is made because the court did not submit the following qiiestions to the jury, as requested: “Did the motorman sound the gong continuously while approaching Sarau ?” “At what rate of speed was the car running when it ran into the Milwaukee Uniformed Eank, Xnights of Pythias ?” It is a sufficient answer thereto to say that the questions only involve evidentiary circumstances, not issues of fact raised by the pleadings, within the meaning of sec. 2858, Stats. 1898; Baxter v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 104 Wis. 307, 80 N. W. 644; Mauch v. Hartford, 112 Wis. 40, 87 N. W. 816; and Patnode v. Westenhaver, 114 Wis. 460, 90 N. W. 467. There is no allegation in the complaint or the answer as to whether the gong of the car was continuously sounded while the car was approaching Sarau, or at what rate-of speed it was going at the time of the injury. The allegations of the complaint are to the effect that it was then moving at a dangerous rate of speed, and that due and sufficient warning was not given to persons in the pathway thereof to give way for its passage. These allegations were put in issue by denials, and in addition defendant answered that as the car approached the point where the injury was inflicted, a sufficient warning of its presence was given by sounding the gong and bell on the car. So the real issue raised was whether the car, under the circumstances, was approaching at a negligent rate of speed, and whether sufficient warning was given to persons in its pathway to clear the track for its passage. These .matters were, though not in the most approved form, included in the questions submitted.
Error is assigned because the court refused to instruct the jury that had Sarau lived his earning capacity would prob
Further error is assigned for a refusal to instruct the jury that the probable earning capacity of Sarau should be considered with reference to his capacity in that regard, taking ■ into consideration his personal expenses, income from property not being considered. The general instructions so informed the jury. That being the(case there was no error in refusing to specially instruct as to the same matter.
Some complaint is made of remarks by respondents’ counsel during the argument to the jury, which do not appear to merit special attention. The exceptions in regard thereto have been sufficiently examined to satisfy us that at least no prejudicial error was committed in respect to such matters.
The judgment must be reversed and the action remanded for a new trial of the cause of action for gross negligence, it being understood that the issues appropriate thereto are the only ones which the complaint justifies submitting to a jury for determination. It is unfortunate that a verdict was taken, which in effect found that such a wrong produced the death of Sarau, and that it was also produced by a wrong of an entirely different character.
By the Court, — The judgment appealed from is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.