State v. Angelo E. Cantrell

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
May 19, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
RULE 809.62.
Appeal No. 2019AP1292-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CF1236
STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT I
STATE OF WISCONSIN,
PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
V.
ANGELO E. CANTRELL,
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee County:
T. CHRISTOPHER DEE, Judge. Affirmed.
Before Brash, P.J., Blanchard and Donald, JJ.
Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent
or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
¶1 PER CURIAM. Angelo E. Cantrell appeals a judgment, entered
upon a jury’s verdict, convicting him of possessing a firearm while a felon. He
No. 2019AP1292-CR
alleges that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction and that the
circuit court wrongly admitted certain evidence. We reject his claims and affirm.
Background
¶2 The State filed a criminal complaint alleging that on June 24, 2015, at
approximately 12:50 a.m., a gunman confronted A.G.-A. in the 1200 block of South
26th Street in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (the 26th Street scene). The gunman
demanded money, but A.G.-A. did not comply. As the gunman drove away from
the confrontation, A.G.-A. heard gunshots. Police responded to the 26th Street
scene and found three nine-millimeter bullet casings.
¶3 The complaint went on to allege that during the evening hours of
June 24, 2015, Cantrell was shot in the 4000 block of North 40th Street (the 40th
Street scene). Police investigating there found nine-millimeter bullet casings.
These matched the nine-millimeter casings found during the investigation of the
26th Street incident, and Cantrell became a suspect in the 26th Street incident.
A.G.-A. subsequently picked Cantrell out of a photo array and identified him as the
26th Street gunman. The State charged Cantrell with three crimes arising out of the
June 24, 2015 incident: attempted armed robbery and first-degree recklessly
endangering safety by use of a dangerous weapon, both as a repeat offender, and
possession of a firearm by a felon.1
¶4 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to admit evidence from
the 40th Street scene. The State explained that it anticipated presenting evidence
that Cantrell was the victim of a shooting on 40th Street and that the nine-millimeter
1
The criminal complaint in this case included other charges against Cantrell arising out of
other alleged incidents. The State dismissed those charges before trial, and we discuss them no
further.
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
casings found there linked him to the crimes that occurred on 26th Street. In
response, defense counsel did not dispute the relevance of the nine-millimeter
casings but, because the evidence found at the 40th Street scene included casings
from bullets of two different calibers, counsel argued that the evidence reflected a
“wild west shootout” and therefore was unduly prejudicial. The circuit court
disagreed with defense counsel and granted the State’s motion, stating that “it would
seem the evidence would come in that ... Cantrell was simply the victim of a
shooting,” and therefore he and his witnesses “can portray it as Mr. Cantrell being
victimized.”
¶5 The matter proceeded to trial. A.G.-A. testified that on June 24, 2015,
he was confronted by a man with a “blackish-colored” gun. The gunman demanded
A.G.-A.’s wallet and telephone. A.G.-A. refused to comply, and the gunman ran
towards a waiting car. As A.G.-A. fled in his own car, he heard gunshots. A.G.-A.
identified Cantrell from the witness stand as the gunman.
¶6 The State presented a surveillance video of the 26th Street scene that
was recorded at the time of A.G.-A.’s encounter with the gunman. A.G.-A.
explained that the video showed the encounter although the gunman was not visible
in the video.
¶7 The State next presented evidence that, approximately twenty-three
hours after a gunman accosted A.G.-A. on 26th Street, Cantrell was shot on 40th
Street. A forensic investigator testified that he responded to the 40th Street scene
and found nine-millimeter bullet casings and forty-millimeter bullet casings,
suggesting that the shooting involved two firearms. The investigator followed a
trail of blood into a nearby home and found Cantrell—who the investigator
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
described as “the victim”—along with personal items, including a pair of shorts that
contained a cell phone.
¶8 An expert in the field of firearms and toolmark examination testified
that he examined the nine-millimeter casings found at the 26th Street scene and at
the 40th Street scene. The expert determined that the nine-millimeter casings at
each scene were fired from the same gun.
¶9 During a recess, the State advised that it would present a police
detective who would describe the contents of the cell phone found at the 40th Street
scene. Those contents included photographs of Cantrell and of a hand holding a
black and silver gun. The phone also contained searches for a nine-millimeter Ruger
and for information about the location of the safety on a nine-millimeter firearm.
¶10 The circuit court rejected Cantrell’s efforts to exclude the cell phone
evidence, reiterating that the evidence from the 40th Street scene was relevant and
admissible:
the phone is evidence of what may have occurred on South
26th Street. It could be direct evidence. Given that fact
scenario, I don’t see how I could exclude it.
....
[T]he phone appears to connect [Cantrell] to the
search for a nine-millimeter Ruger. It may show him with
his—nine-millimeter in his hand. And so regardless of what
happened on 40th Street, it could connect him to 26th Street.
¶11 A Milwaukee police detective then took the stand and said that the
cell phone found at the 40th Street scene was associated with an email address that
included Cantrell’s first and last names. The detective went on to describe the
photos and searches that the cell phone contained. In addition, the detective testified
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
that a June 20, 2012 judgment reflecting Cantrell’s conviction for felonious sexual
assault remained of record and had not been reversed.
¶12 The jury found Cantrell guilty of possessing a firearm while a felon
and found him not guilty of the other two charges he faced. He appeals.
Discussion
¶13 Cantrell argues that the evidence presented at trial was not sufficient
to support his conviction for possessing a firearm while a felon. We begin our
analysis with the standard of review.
¶14 Whether evidence was sufficient to support a conviction is a question
of law that we review de novo. See State v. Smith, 2012 WI 91, ¶24, 342 Wis. 2d
710, 817 N.W.2d 410. Our review is “highly deferential.” See State v. Rowan,
2012 WI 60, ¶26, 341 Wis. 2d 281, 814 N.W.2d 854. Applying that deferential
standard, we will affirm the conviction unless the evidence, viewed most favorably
to the State, “is so insufficient in probative value and force that it can be said as a
matter of law that no trier of fact, acting reasonably, could have found guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.” See State v. Booker, 2006 WI 79, ¶22, 292 Wis. 2d 43, 717
N.W.2d 676 (citation omitted). If there is any possibility that the jury could have
drawn the appropriate inferences from the evidence to find guilt, we may not
overturn a verdict, and if more than one reasonable inference can be drawn from the
evidence, we must adopt the inference that supports the verdict. See State v.
Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d 493, 506-07, 451 N.W.2d 752 (1990). Assessing the
credibility of the witnesses rests exclusively with the jury. See State v. Wilson, 149
Wis. 2d 878, 894, 440 N.W.2d 534 (1989). We defer to the jury’s great advantage
in weighing and sifting conflicting testimony and assessing nonverbal cues. See id.5
No. 2019AP1292-CR
¶15 Our standard of review is the same whether the evidence is direct or
circumstantial. See Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d at 507. “A conviction may be based in
whole or in part upon circumstantial evidence,” State v. Hirsch, 2002 WI App 8,
¶5, 249 Wis. 2d 757, 640 N.W.2d 140, and we recognize that circumstantial
evidence may be stronger than direct evidence, see Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d at 501.
¶16 In this case, the jury could find Cantrell guilty of possessing a firearm
while a felon only if the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) he
possessed a firearm; and (2) he had been convicted of a felony before the date on
which he possessed the firearm. See WIS JI—CRIMINAL 1343 (2015); WIS. STAT.
§ 941.29(2) (2013-14).2 On appeal, Cantrell does not dispute that the State
presented sufficient proof of his prior felony conviction. Accordingly, we take that
issue as conceded and do not discuss it further. See Schlieper v. DNR, 188 Wis. 2d
318, 322, 525 N.W.2d 99 (Ct. App. 1994). We turn to whether the State presented
sufficient proof that Cantrell possessed a firearm.
¶17 According to Cantrell, “[t]here was no evidence presented at trial that
[he] ever possessed a firearm.” He argues:
The jury rejected the testimony of [A.G.-A.] and his
identification of Mr. Cantrell holding a gun when [the jury]
found Mr. Cantrell not guilty of attempted armed robbery
and reckless endangerment. Without [A.G.-A.]’s
identification, no reasonable acting jury could find
Mr. Cantrell guilty of possessing a firearm beyond a
reasonable doubt. The jury concluded that Mr. Cantrell was
not guilty of attempting to rob [A.G.-A.] and therefore no
one placed Mr. Cantrell at the 26th Street scene. Therefore,
2
Effective November 13, 2015, the legislature enacted substantial changes to WIS. STAT.
§ 941.29. See 2015 Wis. Act 109, §§ 6-16, WIS. STAT. § 991.11. Because Cantrell committed his
crime on June 24, 2015, before the effective date of the 2015 legislation, we cite the 2013-14
version of § 941.29. All other references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version
unless otherwise noted.
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
Mr. Cantrell could not have had a gun at a scene [where] he
was not present.
¶18 We reject this argument. First, it “seems to be premised on the theory
that a jury must either totally believe or totally disbelieve a witness. The law is to
the contrary.” Nabbefeld v. State, 83 Wis. 2d 515, 529, 266 N.W.2d 292 (1978). A
jury is in fact not required to wholly embrace or fully reject the testimony of a
witness. Rather, “[a] jury, even where a single witness is inconsistent and testifies
to diametrically opposed facts, may choose to believe one assertion and disbelieve
the other.” Id.¶19 Second, Cantrell’s argument runs counter to the rule that “whether the
evidence is sufficient to support a conviction is decided independently of jury
verdicts on related charges.” See State v. Rice, 2008 WI App 10, ¶2, 307 Wis. 2d
335, 743 N.W.2d 517. The rule set forth in Rice requires us to focus on the evidence
supporting the guilty verdict and bars us from speculating about how the jury
reached its conclusions in regard to other charges. Cf. State v. Perry, 181 Wis. 2d
43, 50, 510 N.W.2d 722 (Ct. App. 1993) (“That the verdict may have been the result
of compromise, or of a mistake on the part of the jury, is possible. But verdicts
cannot be upset by speculation or inquiry into such matters.”(citation omitted)).
¶20 In this case, the evidence supporting the guilty verdict included
testimony from A.G.-A. that he saw Cantrell holding a gun on June 24, 2015. That
testimony was not inherently illogical or in conflict with the course of nature, and
the jurors were therefore free to believe that testimony, regardless of how they
assessed A.G.-A.’s other testimony. See Simos v. State, 53 Wis. 2d 493, 495-96,
192 N.W.2d 877 (1972); Nabbefeld, 83 Wis. 2d at 529.
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
¶21 Testimony from A.G.-A. that he saw Cantrell holding a gun would
alone have been sufficient to prove that Cantrell possessed a firearm. See Grayson
v. State, 35 Wis. 2d 360, 367, 151 N.W.2d 100 (1967) (“The rule is well settled that
an accused may be convicted on the uncorroborated testimony of a witness.”). Here,
however, the State also presented additional evidence, including: (1) testimony
from A.G.-A. that he heard gunshots as he escaped from his encounter with Cantrell
on South 26th Street early in the morning of June 24, 2015; (2) an investigator’s
testimony that bullet casings found at that scene had been fired from a nine-
millimeter handgun; (3) a firearms expert’s conclusions that the casings came from
the same gun as the one fired at the scene where Cantrell was shot on 40th Street;
and (4) pictures and internet searches on a cell phone found at the 40th Street scene
that linked Cantrell to a nine-millimeter firearm.
¶22 Cantrell dismisses the evidence of the matching gun casings based on
his thesis that the jury rejected A.G-A.’s testimony and thus “Cantrell could not
have had a gun at a scene [where] he was not present.” He similarly dismisses the
cell phone evidence, emphasizing that no testimony proved that the gun pictured on
the phone was not a toy, or that Cantrell was the person whose hand was pictured
holding the gun. These contentions fail.
¶23 As to the arguments based on the jury’s purported rejection of
A.G.-A.’s testimony, we have already explained that under the rules set forth in
Nabbefeld and Rice, our review of the sufficiency of trial evidence cannot include
speculation about the jury’s deliberations. As to the cell phone data—images of
Cantrell and of a gun, and searches for how to use a nine-millimeter firearm—that
evidence is circumstantial but no less probative for that reason. See Poellinger, 153
Wis. 2d at 501. “Circumstantial evidence is evidence from which a jury may
logically find other facts according to common knowledge and experience.” WIS
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
JI—CRIMINAL 170. The jury here could reasonably infer that the cell phone data
tied Cantrell to the type of gun that was present at the 26th Street scene, and we
must adopt that inference. See Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d at 506-07.
¶24 In sum, the jury was entitled to conclude that the totality of the
evidence, both direct and circumstantial, constituted proof beyond a reasonable
doubt that Cantrell possessed a firearm while a felon. Accordingly, we reject
Cantrell’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.
¶25 We also reject Cantrell’s claim that the circuit court erroneously
permitted the State to introduce evidence from the 40th Street scene at Cantrell’s
trial. Whether to admit evidence rests in the circuit court’s discretion. See State v.
Pharr, 115 Wis. 2d 334, 342, 340 N.W.2d 498 (1983). This court will uphold a
discretionary decision admitting evidence if the circuit court exercised its discretion
in accordance with accepted legal standards and the facts of record. See id.¶26 “To be admissible at trial, evidence must be relevant.” State v.
Petrovic, 224 Wis. 2d 477, 493, 592 N.W.2d 238 (Ct. App. 1999). Relevant
evidence is evidence that tends to make the existence of a consequential fact more
or less probable. See WIS. STAT. § 904.01. Although relevant evidence is generally
admissible, see WIS. STAT. § 904.02, evidence that is otherwise relevant may be
excluded when, inter alia, its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. See WIS.
STAT. § 904.03. In Cantrell’s view, the evidence collected from the 40th Street
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
scene fits within all three of those exceptions and should have been excluded under
§ 904.03.3 We disagree.
¶27 We begin with the probative value of the evidence. The bullet casings
collected from 40th Street indicated that a nine-millimeter gun on the scene where
Cantrell was shot on June 24, 2015, was also present on 26th Street earlier that day.
The cell phone found at the 40th Street scene linked Cantrell to a nine-millimeter
gun. The evidence thus tended to corroborate the testimony offered by A.G.-A. that
he saw Cantrell in possession of a firearm at the 26th Street scene and to support a
logical inference that Cantrell possessed such a weapon. The evidence was clearly
relevant.
¶28 Cantrell therefore must demonstrate that the probative value of the
evidence was substantially outweighed by one or more of the concerns outlined in
WIS. STAT. § 904.03. See id. As the State correctly points out, however, Cantrell
does not develop any argument showing that the evidence collected from the 40th
Street scene was confusing or misleading. See id. Instead, the crux of Cantrell’s
argument is that the evidence was “highly prejudicial” because, Cantrell asserts,
“this evidence tended to portray [him] as a gangster involved in a shootout.” We
are not persuaded.
¶29 “The standard for unfair prejudice is not whether the evidence harms
the opposing party’s case, but rather whether the evidence tends to influence the
3
Our supreme court has developed a three-step analysis for determining whether a circuit
court may properly admit evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts under WIS. STAT. § 904.04(2).
See State v. Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d 768, 783, 576 N.W.2d 30 (1998). Cantrell does not suggest that
the evidence at issue here fits within the scope of § 904.04—indeed, he does not cite that statute—
or that the three-step Sullivan analysis is applicable. We do not consider the question. See State
v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 647, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992) (explaining that we will not
develop arguments for a litigant).
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
outcome of the case by improper means.” State v. Payano, 2009 WI 86, ¶89, 320
Wis. 2d 348, 768 N.W.2d 832 (citations, brackets, and quotation marks omitted).
Here, the circuit court considered Cantrell’s argument that evidence collected from
the 40th Street scene would suggest that Cantrell participated in “a wild west shoot
out.” The circuit court found, however, that the evidence from the 40th Street scene
was susceptible to a neutral, even sympathetic, interpretation that Cantrell was a
crime victim. The circuit court therefore reasonably determined that the probative
value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the risk of an unfairly
prejudicial inference. Accordingly, we conclude that the circuit court properly
exercised its discretion by admitting relevant evidence from the 40th Street scene
that connected Cantrell to the 26th Street scene and tied him to a gun that was fired
there. See State v. Lindh, 161 Wis. 2d 324, 349, 468 N.W.2d 168 (1991)
(explaining that we will uphold an evidentiary ruling if the circuit court reasonably
exercised discretion, even if another court might have exercised discretion
differently).
¶30 Last, we observe that Cantrell ends his reply brief with an argument
that “[t]he State violated the [circuit] [c]ourt’s ruling to only portray [] Cantrell as a
victim [of the 40th Street shooting] and instead introduced evidence of a wild west
shootout and portrayed [] Cantrell as an aggressor.” We reject this argument.
Preliminarily, Cantrell does not identify a circuit court order requiring the parties to
portray him as a victim. Rather, the State advised in its motion in limine that “we’re
presenting [] Cantrell as a victim of a shooting” and the circuit court found that
“Cantrell or any of his witnesses can portray [the 40th Street shooting] as
Mr. Cantrell being victimized.” Regardless, we will not entertain a claim of
prosecutorial misconduct raised in the reply brief because Cantrell did not first
develop such a claim in the circuit court or in his brief-in-chief. See State v.
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No. 2019AP1292-CR
Champlain, 2008 WI App 5, ¶17, 307 Wis. 2d 232, 744 N.W.2d 889 (“We generally
do not review an issue raised for the first time on appeal.”); State v. Mechtel, 176
Wis. 2d 87, 100, 499 N.W.2d 662 (1993) (“We do not generally address arguments
raised for the first time in reply briefs.”). For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.
This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.
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