State v. Nikola Stevlic

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
September 16, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.
Appeal No. 2018AP2289-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2015CF1395
STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II
STATE OF WISCONSIN,
PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
V.
NIKOLA STEVLIC,
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for
Waukesha County: MICHAEL P. MAXWELL, Judge. Affirmed.
Before Neubauer, C.J., Gundrum and Davis, JJ.
Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent
or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2018AP2289-CR
¶1 PER CURIAM. Nikola Stevlic appeals from a judgment convicting
him of two counts of second-degree sexual assault by use of force; false
imprisonment; two counts of substantial battery intending bodily harm; second-
degree recklessly endangering safety, all with a domestic-abuse penalty enhancer;
and exposing a child to harmful descriptions. He also appeals from an order
denying his motion for postconviction relief based on his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel. We affirm the judgment and order.
¶2 Stevlic was charged with sexually assaulting and repeatedly and
savagely beating his wife, N.S., between September 23 and October 22, 2015,
after N.S. admitted to having an affair. Some of the beatings were in the presence
of their young child.
¶3 Pretrial, the State moved to admit two instances of other-acts
evidence (the Illinois evidence) for the “purposes of establishing the defendant’s
motive, intent, and common scheme” of humiliating and punishing N.S. for her
affair. The motion alleged that, according to N.S., on October 2, 2015, while
staying at Stevlic’s mother’s condo in Buffalo Grove, Illinois, Stevlic behaved in
sexually “erratic” ways, including coercing N.S. to have “aggressive” sex after he
rubbed cocaine on his genitals, sending N.S. text messages about sexual scenarios,
and making her call one of her friends to arrange a threesome. On October 8,
2015, in Deerfield, Illinois, again according to N.S., Stevlic told her to buy a wig
similar to her mother’s hair and saying he, she, and her mother should have a
threesome, and the next evening punched N.S. in the jaw and on her thigh, causing
significant bruising. N.S. did not report either of the Illinois incidents.
¶4 The court admitted the other-acts evidence, explaining that it was
relevant due to the similarity in nature to the acts alleged in the complaint; that the
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probative value of the proffered evidence was not substantially outweighed by its
prejudicial effect; and that it would consider a cautionary instruction on the other-
acts evidence if requested and warranted. At a later hearing, the court explained
that “everything surrounding” the Illinois evidence was admissible under the order
but that other acts not part of the State’s motion would not be admissible.
¶5 After a three-day trial, the jury found Stevlic guilty of seven of the
eight charges, acquitting him of strangulation and suffocation. The court imposed
consecutive sentences on each count for a total of forty years’ initial confinement
and thirty-two years’ extended supervision.
¶6 Postconviction, Stevlic sought subpoenas for text and cell phone
records for his and N.S.’s numbers, claiming he believed they could have
impacted his trial and now were important for postconviction counsel’s
investigation. The court directed Stevlic’s counsel, Attorney Peter Wolff, to State
v. O’Brien, 223 Wis. 2d 303, 588 N.W.2d 8 (1999), which addresses the legal
standard for postconviction discovery requests, but denied Stevlic’s request.
¶7 Stevlic filed a second postconviction motion asserting ineffective
assistance of counsel. He claimed Wolff failed to: (1) request a Daubert1 hearing
to challenge the State’s domestic-violence expert; (2) object to hearsay;
(3) investigate potential defense witnesses spouses Karina and Oscar Napoles, the
Stevlics’ friends, and Michael Stevlic, Stevlic’s nephew; (4) either sever the
sexual-assault charges or have Stevlic plead guilty to the physical assaults;
(5) object to the other-acts evidence; and (6) investigate N.S.’s background.
1
See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
¶8 The court granted Stevlic a Machner2 hearing, which spanned two
days. After hearing testimony from Wolff and Karina and Oscar, the court
rejected Stevlic’s claims, holding as to each that Wolff either had not performed
deficiently or that Stevlic was not prejudiced. This appeal followed.
I. Trial Court Error in Admitting Other-Acts Evidence
¶9 Stevlic first contends the trial court’s admission of other-acts
evidence infected the entire trial. When deciding whether to allow other-acts
evidence, Wisconsin courts look to WIS. STAT. § 904.04(2)(a) (2017-18),3 and
apply the three-step analytical framework set forth in State v. Sullivan, 216
Wis. 2d 768, 772-73, 576 N.W.2d 30 (1998). The decision to admit other-acts
evidence is reviewed for an erroneous exercise of discretion. Id. at 780. “A [trial]
court properly exercises its discretion when it examines the relevant facts, applies
a proper standard of law, and uses a demonstrably rational process to reach a
conclusion that a reasonable judge could reach,” American Family Mut. Ins. Co.
v. Golke, 2009 WI 81, 43, 319 Wis. 2d 397, 768 N.W.2d 729.
¶10 Under Sullivan, the State may present evidence of a defendant’s
prior bad acts if it (1) is offered for a permissible purpose under WIS. STAT.
§ 904.04; (2) meets the two relevancy requirements under WIS. STAT. § 904.01;
and (3) its risk of unfair prejudice under WIS. STAT. § 904.03 does not
substantially outweigh its probative value. State v. Marinez, 2011 WI 12, ¶19,
331 Wis. 2d 568, 797 N.W.2d 399. The party seeking to admit the other-acts
2
See State v. Machner, 92 Wis. 2d 797, 285 N.W.2d 905 (Ct. App. 1979).
3
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless noted.
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evidence bears the burden of establishing the first two prongs by a preponderance
of the evidence. Id. As to prong two, the greater the similarity between the other
act and the charged offense, the more relevant and probative is the other-acts
evidence. Sullivan, 216 Wis. 2d at 786-87. The burden then shifts to the party
opposing admission of the other-acts evidence to show that the probative value of
the evidence is substantially outweighed by the risk or danger of unfair prejudice.
Id.¶11 Stevlic asserts that the trial court’s other-acts order was deficient
because it did not contain a separate Sullivan analysis for each other-acts incident
and failed to relate the specific facts of this case to the Sullivan analytical
framework. We disagree. Even if the trial court had not provided a Sullivan
analysis to the degree Stevlic demands—a premise with which we disagree—we
generally look for reasons to sustain a trial court’s discretionary decisions, and
thus may independently review the record. See State v. Hunt, 2003 WI 81, ¶¶4,
34, 263 Wis. 2d 1, 666 N.W.2d 771.
¶12 Below, Stevlic largely hung his hat on the third prong of the
analysis, arguing that if the jury believed the Illinois evidence based solely on
N.S.’s word, it would unfairly prejudice him in regard to the charged crimes. We
are satisfied that the court’s written decision adequately discusses the relevant case
law and reflects the parties’ arguments revealed in the other-acts evidence motion
hearing transcript, and thus fully addresses Stevlic’s points. We see no erroneous
exercise of discretion.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶13 To prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, a defendant must show
that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
Deficient performance is proved if the defendant shows that “counsel made errors
so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” State v. Johnson, 153 Wis. 2d 121, 127,
449 N.W.2d 845 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). The proper measure is
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688.
Matters of reasonably sound strategy, without the benefit of hindsight, are
“virtually unchallengeable” and do not constitute ineffective assistance. See id. at
690-91.
¶14 Prejudice is proved if the defendant establishes by a preponderance
of the evidence “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Id. at 694. Showing some conceivable effect on the outcome is not enough. State
v. Erickson, 227 Wis. 2d 758, 773, 596 N.W.2d 749 (1999). We review counsel’s
performance and prejudice as mixed questions of law and fact. Johnson, 153
Wis. 2d at 127. If a defendant’s claim fails on either component, we need not
address the other. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
¶15 Stevlic contends Wolff performed deficiently in five ways and that,
whether each is considered alone or in the aggregate, he was prejudiced. Stevlic
did not meet the high bar of proof on either prong.
A. Failure to Investigate
¶16 Stevlic asserts that Wolff unreasonably failed to conduct any
investigation whatsoever. Specifically, he claims that, at least partly because of
Wolff’s admitted inexperience in handling a sexual-assault case, Wolff neither
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
interviewed witnesses himself nor hired an investigator to explore N.S.’s
background or the nature of the potential testimony of Oscar and Karina or of
Michael Stevlic. Stevlic contends the investigation would have provided critical
impeachment evidence against N.S., the State’s key witness, which would have
contradicted N.S.’s claims of sexual assault and battery.
¶17 Counsel either must “reasonably investigate the law and facts or
make a reasonable strategic decision that makes any further investigation
unnecessary.” State v. Domke, 2011 WI 95, ¶41, 337 Wis. 2d 268, 805 N.W.2d
364. We review the reasonableness of trial counsel’s decisions not with the
benefit of hindsight but in the context of the circumstances that existed when
counsel’s decisions were made. State v. Pico, 2018 WI 66, ¶22, 382 Wis. 2d 273,
914 N.W.2d 95.
¶18 Stevlic contends Karina would have testified, as she did at the
Machner hearing, that she and N.S. became friends through Oscar’s and Stevlic’s
close friendship; that, although N.S. confided “girlfriend” things to her, including
sexual intimacies, N.S. never mentioned forced sexual or physical assaults; that
N.S. said she had told Stevlic he could beat her due to her deep regret about her
affair, and that N.S. said the first Illinois incident, the weekend of October 2-3,
2015, was “the best sex ever.” On cross, Karina testified that when she called N.S.
during N.S.’s October 23, 2015 hospitalization after “[Stevlic] hit her,” she did not
know N.S. had suffered broken ribs, vertebral fractures, a black eye, and bruising
so severe she could not sit, but that N.S. did tell her a coworker said she would call
the police if N.S. did not; and that Stevlic later acknowledged “hitting” N.S.
¶19 Stevlic claims Oscar would have testified, consistent with his
Machner hearing testimony, that he does not believe Stevlic is a violent person; he
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
never saw Stevlic act violently towards N.S.; Stevlic said he did not rape N.S. and
that Stevlic said N.S. had no broken bones or bruises; N.S. never told him that
Stevlic raped her; he and Karina were with Stevlic and N.S. on the weekend of the
first other-acts event and on October 3 not only did N.S. not appear injured or
traumatized, but the couple acted affectionately towards each other.
¶20 Stevlic claims his nephew Michael would have testified that he
heard N.S.’s nephew say that N.S.’s family was going to “screw over [Stevlic] in
court.”
¶21 While Wolff included Karina on the witness list, she was unavailable
at the time of trial, as she was in the last months of a high-risk pregnancy, was on
bedrest, and had been forbidden by her obstetrician to travel. Wolff testified that
Stevlic did not want to request a trial continuance and that the prosecutor said he
would object to Karina appearing by telephone. Wolff also believed he could
present the same information of consensual activity through other means, such as
photographs and graphic texts between Stevlic and N.S. Oscar’s testimony only
would have repeated what Stevlic told him, and Michael’s would have been
hearsay.
¶22 Even if Wolff’s decision not to investigate these witnesses was not
reasonable, Stevlic has not shown prejudice. There is no evidence that Stevlic
informed Wolff of potentially helpful, admissible testimony that Oscar or Michael
could have provided. Karina’s and Oscar’s proposed testimony primarily related
to the October 2 through October 3 other-acts evidence, which reflected poorly on
N.S., not to the charged crimes, so testimony allegedly rebutting it likely would
not have affected the outcome. As N.S. testified that she did not tell Karina or
Oscar about her claim that Stevlic sexually assaulted her on September 23, Karina
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
and Oscar’s testimony of their unawareness would have been duplicative and
would not have eroded N.S.’s credibility.
¶23 In addition, N.S.’s testimony by itself was powerful. She described
in detail the brutality of the assaults, the events leading up to them, and her
resulting pain and injuries. Medical records and photographs, and other testimony,
also would have starkly contradicted Oscar’s testimony that Stevlic told him N.S.
had no broken bones or bruises, which would have harmed Stevlic’s credibility. A
police officer, an EMT, a detective, the physician’s assistant who attended to N.S.
on her admission to the hospital, and the coworker who said she would call the
police if N.S. did not all testified about the physical signs of injury they observed.
Other evidence, including zip ties like those N.S. said were used during her
assaults, were recovered from the Stevlic home.
¶24 Further, had Oscar testified about Stevlic’s character for
nonviolence, we fail to see how the result would have been different. Stevlic
himself testified that he slapped, punched, and hit N.S. Nephew Michael’s
proposed testimony largely consisted of inadmissible hearsay and therefore it too
could not have affected the outcome of the trial. WIS. STAT. § 908.01(3). Given
the overwhelming evidence of Stevlic’s guilt, there is not a reasonable probability
that this proposed evidence would have altered the outcome.
B. Failure to Move to Sever or Propose That Stevlic Plead Guilty to Physical
Assault Counts
¶25 Stevlic argues that Wolff should have had him proceed to trial on the
sexual assault counts alone, either by having him plead guilty to the physical
assaults or by moving to sever the counts, as the alleged sexual assault charges
occurred over two weeks before the battery charges and involved completely
9
No. 2018AP2289-CR
different conduct. Stevlic claims he was prejudiced because his testimony that he
beat N.S., the State’s production of dozens of gruesome photos of the result of the
beatings, used zip ties, wire cutters, and his belt, and hundreds of text messages,
plus other-acts evidence were completely irrelevant and unduly prejudicial in
regard to the sexual-assault counts. He also asserts that Wolff discredited him as a
witness by conceding his guilt during closing arguments.
¶26 Wolff testified that he and Stevlic discussed that, faced with strong
physical-assault evidence, the jury could find denials of the sexual assaults more
credible if he admitted to the beatings, thus leading, hopefully, to an acquittal on
the sexual-assault counts. Indeed, his honesty may have gained him some
credibility, as the jury acquitted him of strangulation and suffocation. Further,
Wolff testified, and the State agreed, that even had Stevlic pled to the physical
assaults, the State would not have dropped the sexual-assault charges or stipulated
to limiting the photographic or text-message evidence. It is unlikely Stevlic would
have been acquitted of the sexual assaults had the charges been tried separately.
C. Failure to Make Hearsay Objections
¶27 Stevlic complains that Wolff objected only twice to the “intolerable”
amounts of hearsay that “flooded” the jury. For example, a colleague of N.S.
(N.S. is a pharmacist), testified that he sold her a “morning-after” pill because she
told him that the night before Stevlic had forcible sex with her. The physician
assistant who treated N.S. at the hospital testified that N.S. told her that Stevlic
forced her to have intercourse, that Stevlic said he wished she would kill herself or
that he could beat her to the point of immobility, and that when their three-and-a-
half-year old son witnessed Stevlic beating N.S., he told the boy that “Mommy
was bad and needed to be punished.” Wolff testified that he “wanted to be
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
careful” as he proceeded, as “[w]e had a juror or two crying … early on in the
testimony,” so “if you’re constantly objecting … a jury can turn on you” and “it
could go poorly.”
¶28 Not objecting so as to not call unwanted jury attention to evidence
may constitute reasonable trial strategy in the context of an ineffective assistance
of counsel claim. See State v. Cooks, 2006 WI App 262, ¶44, 297 Wis. 2d 633,
726 N.W.2d 322. Counsel’s trial strategy decisions, even those appearing unwise
in hindsight, will not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel if they are
“reasonably founded on the facts and law under the circumstances existing at the
time the decision was made.” State v. Snider, 2003 WI App 172, ¶22, 266
Wis. 2d 830, 668 N.W.2d 784.
¶29 Even if Wolff deficiently failed to object, Stevlic was not prejudiced.
Stevlic’s arguments rely on faulty assumptions that certain statements were
inadmissible hearsay. For example, his complaints that Wolff failed to lodge
hearsay objections to testimony from State witnesses relate to Stevlic’s own
statements. See WIS. STAT. § 908.01(4)(b)1. The physician assistant’s testimony
is an exception to the hearsay rule, as it is related to medical diagnosis or
treatment. WIS. STAT. § 908.03(4). Further, the evidence to which Stevlic now
objects was available for him to attack at trial. Indeed, Wolff cross-examined N.S.
and other witnesses about N.S.’s prior statements, including instances where she
failed to report the sexual assaults. Given the significant evidence against Stevlic,
there is no reasonable likelihood of a different result.
D. Failure to Adequately Object to Other-Acts Evidence
¶30 As noted, much of the other-acts evidence already was admitted.
Even had Wolff objected, apart from his assessment that too many objections can
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
be counterproductive, some of that evidence favored Stevlic, as it showed N.S. in
a poor light. Thus, apart from being sustainably reasonable judgment calls, if
Wolff’s failure to object was deficient, it did not prejudice Stevlic. And the
court’s limiting instruction regarding evidence of other conduct, see WIS. JI–
CRIMINAL 275, minimized the risk of unfair prejudice. See State v. Hammer,
2000 WI 92, ¶36, 236 Wis. 2d 686, 613 N.W.2d 629.
E. Failure to Request Daubert Hearing
¶31 Stevlic contends Wolff should have requested a Daubert hearing
regarding Latrice Hogan, the State’s domestic-violence expert. He contends the
“Duluth Model” power-and-control wheel depicting the cycle of violence and
battered-women’s syndrome about which Hogan would testify is not premised on
scientific data and was something she played no role in developing. Wolff
testified at the Machner hearing that the failure to challenge Hogan’s testimony
was a strategic decision, made after consultation with Stevlic, based on the
generalized nature of her testimony which he viewed as harmless to the chosen
trial strategy of admitting physical abuse.
¶32 Hogan testified to her significant educational and experience, how
she applies the power-and-control wheel to her clinical work, how each spoke of
the wheel is connected to the overall power-and-control dynamic present in
domestic violence, and how she uses the model in her treatment of domestic-
violence victims. A person with significant experience working with domestic-
abuse victims is qualified to testify as an expert on domestic abuse. See State v.
Smith, 2016 WI App 8, ¶10, 366 Wis. 2d 613, 874 N.W.2d 610. The court found
that her considerable “knowledge, skill, experience, training, [and] education” met
the requirements of WIS. STAT. § 907.02, such that she was qualified to testify as
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
an expert. A Daubert objection would not have been well taken. Counsel is not
ineffective for failing to make meritless arguments. See State v. Toliver, 187 Wis.
2d 346, 360, 523 N.W.2d 113 (Ct. App. 1994).
¶33 Taking each claim of ineffectiveness individually and in the
aggregate, we conclude Stevlic has not demonstrated by a preponderance of the
evidence that Wolff rendered ineffective assistance.
III. New Trial in the Interest of Justice
¶34 Stevlic next asserts that we should grant him a new trial in the
interest of justice because the real controversy—whether he raped N.S.—was not
fully tried. See WIS. STAT. § 752.35.
¶35 We may grant a new trial in the interest of justice “whenever the real
controversy has not been fully tried.” State v. Wyss, 124 Wis. 2d 681, 735, 370
N.W.2d 745 (1985). The real controversy is not fully tried when the jury either
was not given an opportunity to hear important testimony bearing on an important
issue in the case or had before it improperly admitted testimony or evidence that
obscured a crucial issue. State v. Burns, 2011 WI 22, ¶24, 332 Wis. 2d 730, 798
N.W.2d 166. A new trial in the interest of justice also is required when the jury is
not properly instructed. See Peters v. State, 70 Wis. 2d 22, 28, 233 N.W.2d 420(1975).
¶36 Stevlic contends Oscar’s and Karina’s testimony would have worked
in his favor. To start with, this implicates the ineffectiveness claim we have
previously resolved, rather than an evidentiary error by the trial court cognizable
as an interest of justice claim. See Burns, 332 Wis. 2d 730, ¶45. Moreover, his
sexual assault charges stemmed from his conduct on September 23, 2015, whereas
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
Oscar’s and Karina’s testimony related to the October 2 through October 3 Buffalo
Grove weekend. No sexual assault claim came from that weekend. Stevlic also
resurrects his objection to expert witness Hogan. As noted, the court found her
qualified. We will not second-guess that determination. These arguments go
nowhere.
¶37 Stevlic also argues that the State exceeded the bounds of the court’s
other-acts ruling by raising the Buffalo Grove events, including references to
Stevlic’s request that N.S. find a wig that would make her look like her mother, his
repeated demands that she participate in either an actual or simulated sexual
threesome, and introducing numerous explicitly sexual text messages. Again,
however, he fails to tie this to an evidentiary error by the trial court, and much of
the evidence was closely interwoven with evidence related to the physical assaults.
¶38 Finally, Stevlic argues that a new trial is warranted because the court
did not fully read WIS. JI–CRIMINAL 484, “Verdicts Submitted for One Defendant:
Two Counts: Separate Verdict on Each Count Required.” The relevant portion of
WIS. JI–CRIMINAL 484 reads:
It is for you to determine whether the defendant is guilty
or not guilty of each of the offenses charged. You must
make a finding as to each count of the (information)
(complaint). Each count charges a separate crime, and
you must consider each one separately. Your verdict for
the crime charged in one count must not affect your verdict
on any other count.
(Emphasis added.)
¶39 Whether by oversight or design, the court did not read the two
italicized sentences. The commentary to the instruction explains that “[t]he last
two sentences have been added for the situation where joinder of charges, while
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
proper, exposes the defendant to considerable prejudice in that the jury may use
the fact of being charged with one offense as proof that the other offense was
committed.” Id. at n.8.
¶40 Peters teaches that a jury be “clearly and unequivocally instructed”
that it cannot use evidence of one count as proof of guilt on another. Peters, 70
Wis. 2d at 32. Peters was charged with burglary and theft and with obstruction for
having provided a false alibi; the offenses were joined in a single information and
tried at the same time. See id. at 27-28. The circuit court held that the charges
were properly joined, as Peters’ putting forward a false alibi—his untrue
whereabouts after the crimes—took place during a John Doe investigation of the
other two crimes. See id. The supreme court ruled, however, that giving WIS. JI–
CRIMINAL 145, “Information Not Evidence,” at trial did not go far enough, as the
State could not rely on Peters’ false alibi in lieu of evidence placing him at the
scene of the crimes. See Peters, 70 Wis. 2d at 30-32. In other words, Peters’ lying
about his whereabouts should not implicate his guilt as to whether he committed a
theft and burglary, so failing to deliver a proper cautionary instruction on the
prejudicial effect of joinder caused a miscarriage of justice requiring a new trial.
Id. at 28. “Such a cautionary instruction must be given in clear and certain terms,
because otherwise there is a strong likelihood that the jury will regard the evidence
on the obstructing-an-officer count as sufficient in itself to find the defendant
guilty of burglary.” Id. at 32.
¶41 In response to Peters, a pattern jury instruction was created to alert
juries that the verdict for one crime must not affect its verdict on the other. WIS.
JI–CRIMINAL 484 n.8. Such a cautionary instruction presumptively cures any
prejudice that may have resulted from joinder of the obstruction charges to the
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
sexual assault. See State v. Hoffman, 106 Wis. 2d 185, 212, 316 N.W.2d 143 (Ct.
App. 1982).
¶42 The harm to Peters was that the deceit inherent in the obstruction
charge tainted the presumption of innocence on the other charges. Here, by
contrast, the jury was instructed that each count charged a separate crime, each
should be considered separately, and Stevlic’s guilt or innocence as found with
respect to one crime must not affect the verdict on the other count.
¶43 If charged offenses are properly joined for trial, it is presumed that
the defendant will suffer no prejudice from the joinder. State v. Linton, 2010 WI
App 129, ¶20, 329 Wis. 2d 687, 791 N.W.2d 222. The defendant may rebut that
presumption. State v. Leach, 124 Wis. 2d 648, 669, 370 N.W.2d 240 (1985).
This requires a showing of substantial, not just some, prejudice to the defense.
Hoffman, 106 Wis. 2d 185, 209-10. “The danger of prejudice arising from the
jury’s exposure to evidence that the defendant committed more than one crime is
minimized when the evidence of both counts would be admissible in separate
trials.” Id. at 210.
¶44 The court could, and should, have more explicitly instructed the jury
to consider each charge separately consistent with the pattern instruction.
Nonetheless, we cannot conclude that it prevented the sexual-assault claims from
being fully or fairly tried. Notably, Stevlic did not object to the trial court’s failure
to read these two sentences at trial or in his postconviction motion and it formed
no part of his ineffective assistance claim at trial and does not now do so on
appeal. We do not view the trial court’s failure to include these two sentences—
an omission that could have been easily rectified with an objection—as giving rise
to plain error. See State v. Jorgensen, 2008 WI 60, ¶¶21-23, 310 Wis. 2d 138,
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
754 N.W.2d 77 (under WIS. STAT. § 901.03(4), the plain-error doctrine, the
appellate court may review a previously unobjected-to error where the defendant
shows that the error was “fundamental, obvious, and substantial” and where the
State fails to show that the error was harmless.) The court clearly instructed the
jury as to the elements of the sexual-assault charges and that it could use other-acts
evidence only for limited purposes. Thus, the court properly instructed the jury on
the use of other evidence in determining its verdict on the sexual-assault counts.
While it would have been advisable for the court here to read the last two
sentences of WIS. JI–CRIMINAL 484, we do not think the omission commands a
retrial.
IV. Denial of Postconviction Discovery Request
¶45 Stevlic also contends the trial court should have signed two
subpoenas he filed to obtain and preserve around 2000 deleted text messages from
N.S.’s cell phone he claimed “may be exculpatory or helpful to this process.” He
asserts he was entitled to the discovery because he could: (1) “describe the
material sought to be discovered and explain why the material was not supplied or
discovered at or before trial”; (2) “establish that alternative means or evidence is
not already available such that the postconviction discovery is necessary to refute
an element in the case”; (3) “describe what results [he] hopes to obtain from
discovery and explain how those results are relevant and material to one of the
issues in the case”; and (4) show that “the anticipated results … would also create
a reasonable probability of a different outcome.” O’Brien, 214 Wis. 2d 328, 343,
572 N.W.2d 870 (Ct. App. 1970). He argues the court erroneously found that he
failed the O’Brien test.
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No. 2018AP2289-CR
¶46 We find that the circuit court properly denied the request. “[A]
defendant has a right to post-conviction discovery when the sought-after evidence
is relevant to an issue of consequence,” that is, “evidence that probably would
have changed the outcome of the trial.” O’Brien, 223 Wis. 2d 303 at 321. The
“mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might have helped the
defense” is not enough. Id. Simply asserting that the text messages were
“necessary for purposes of [his] independent investigation” to “refute … [N.S.’s]
consent to the alleged rapes,” without more, does not satisfy the O’Brien standard.
If Stevlic believed that there was something in these 2000 messages that would
have assisted in his postconviction motion, the time to specifically explain what he
believed the messages would show—at a minimum some detail as to how they
might be exculpatory—was when he filed his motion.4
V. Improper Sentence
¶47 Lastly, Stevlic asserts that the court impermissibly used the sexual-
assault counts as a means to increase his initial confinement for his physical
assault counts by ordering, without justification, that all of his sentences be served
consecutively. He requests a new sentencing hearing.
4
The State incorrectly argues that Stevlic was required to timely appeal from the trial
court’s order denying postconviction discovery and that his failure to do so deprives our court of
the jurisdiction to consider this issue. This argument apparently rests on the plain language of the
discovery order, which states, “THIS IS A FINAL ORDER FOR PURPOSES OF APPEAL.” In
fact, we have always treated rulings on postconviction discovery requests as nonfinal, meaning
any challenge to the court’s denial of such request is properly raised as part of the appeal from the
order denying postconviction relief. See, e.g., State v. O’Brien, 223 Wis. 2d 303, 308, 319-23,
588 N.W.2d 8 (1999). As our supreme court has noted, “there may be cases in which a document
states that it is final for purposes of appeal … but does not actually ‘dispose of the entire matter in
litigation as to one or more of the parties’ as required by [WIS. STAT.] § 808.03(1).” Wambolt v.
West Bend Mut. Ins. Co., 2007 WI 35, ¶46 n.19, 299 Wis. 2d 723, 728 N.W.2d 670. In such
case, as here, the document cannot be a final order or judgment as a matter of law.
18
No. 2018AP2289-CR
¶48 Review of a sentencing decision is “limited to determining if
discretion was erroneously exercised.” State v. Gallion, 2004 WI 42, ¶17, 270
Wis. 2d 535, 678 N.W.2d 197. Discretion is erroneously exercised when a
sentencing court imposes its sentence based on or in actual reliance upon clearly
irrelevant or improper factors. Id. Sentencing decisions are afforded a
presumption of reasonability consistent with our strong public policy against
interference with the circuit court’s discretion. Id., ¶18. The defendant thus bears
the heavy burden of showing that the circuit court erroneously exercised its
discretion and must prove otherwise by clear and convincing evidence. See State
v. Harris, 2010 WI 79, ¶34, 326 Wis. 2d 685, 786 N.W.2d 409.
¶49 The trial court has “wide discretion” in deciding whether to impose
consecutive sentences. State v. Davis, 2005 WI App 98, ¶27, 281 Wis. 2d 118,
698 N.W.2d 823; see WIS. STAT. § 973.15(2)(a). The trial court properly
exercises its discretion in imposing consecutive sentences by considering the same
factors it applies in determining the overall length of sentence. State v. Berggren,
2009 WI App 82, ¶46, 320 Wis. 2d 209, 769 N.W.2d 110.
¶50 The court here applied the proper sentencing factors and thoroughly
explained its sentencing decision. Contrary to Stevlic’s claim, the circuit court is
not required to separately explain why it is imposing consecutive sentences. We
see no error.
By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.
This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5.
19