State v. Kimberly Dale Crone

2021 WI App 29COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN
PUBLISHED OPINION
Case No.: 2018AP1764-CR
† Petition for Review Filed
Complete Title of Case:
STATE OF WISCONSIN,
PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
V.
KIMBERLY DALE CRONE,
†DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Opinion Filed: April 20, 2021
Submitted on Briefs: September 29, 2020
Oral Argument:
JUDGES: Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.
Concurred: Stark, P.J.
Dissented:
Appellant
ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the defendant-appellant, the cause was submitted on the
briefs of Susan E. Alesia, assistant state public defender of Madison.
Respondent
ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was submitted on the
brief of Joshua L. Kaul, attorney general, and John A. Blimling,
assistant attorney general.
2021 WI App 29COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
April 20, 2021
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and
RULE 809.62.
Appeal No. 2018AP1764-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CM207
STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
STATE OF WISCONSIN,
PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
V.
KIMBERLY DALE CRONE,
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Sawyer County:
JOHN M. YACKEL, Judge. Affirmed.
Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.
2018AP1764-CR
¶1 HRUZ, J. Kimberly Crone appeals a judgment of conviction, entered
upon her no-contest plea, for possession of a controlled substance.1 She argues the
circuit court erred by denying her motion to suppress evidence that a law
enforcement officer obtained during a traffic stop, after she consented to a search of
her purse. Crone contends the officer’s request to look at two pill bottles in her
purse—which were in plain view of the officer standing next to her vehicle—
unlawfully extended the stop, violating her Fourth Amendment rights. We disagree,
as the officer’s simple request for Crone’s consent—even when that request
occurred at the end of the traffic stop—did not unreasonably extend the stop under
the totality of the circumstances. Therefore, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
¶2 Around 9:00 a.m., Sawyer County sheriff’s deputy Jay Poplin stopped
Crone because she was driving eleven miles per hour over the speed limit. Poplin
approached Crone’s vehicle and then asked for her driver’s license and proof of
insurance. As she was “digging” through her purse for her proof of insurance,
Poplin observed two orange pill bottles inside her purse. He could only see the pill
bottles and their caps, such that he was unsure if either of the bottles had labels on
them. Poplin then returned to his squad car and confirmed that Crone had a valid
driver’s license.
1
By our June 24, 2020 order, we held this appeal in abeyance pending our supreme court’s
decision in State v. Brown, 2020 WI 63, 392 Wis. 2d 454, 945 N.W.2d 584.
Additionally, this appeal was converted from a one-judge appeal to a three-judge appeal
by the July 15, 2020 order of the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 752.31(3)
(2019-20); WIS. STAT. RULE 809.41(3) (2019-20). That order also directed the attorney general to
file a supplemental respondent’s brief in this case, which he did and to which Crone filed an
additional reply brief. All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless
otherwise noted.
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¶3 Poplin returned to Crone’s vehicle and gave back her driver’s license.
As he did so, Poplin asked Crone if he could see the two pill bottles. She agreed.
The first pill bottle Crone handed to Poplin had a valid prescription label with her
name on it for gabapentin. The second pill bottle had no label on it and contained
various types of pills. Poplin identified some of the pills at the scene as gabapentin
and ibuprofen. He returned those pills to Crone, which left two other types of pills
that Poplin could not identify.
¶4 Poplin then asked Crone if she had prescriptions for those pills. Crone
initially replied that she did. After Poplin gave her his business card so that she
could later provide him proof of the prescriptions, however, Crone admitted that she
did not have prescriptions for them. Poplin seized the remaining pills and allowed
Crone to leave.
¶5 Poplin returned to the sheriff’s department and identified some of the
pills he seized as lorazepam, a schedule IV controlled substance. Crone was charged
with one count of possession of a controlled substance without a valid prescription,
contrary to WIS. STAT. § 961.41(3g)(b). She subsequently filed a motion to suppress
the evidence Poplin obtained on the grounds that his inspection of the two pill bottles
constituted an unlawful extension of the traffic stop. Poplin testified at the hearing
on Crone’s suppression motion.
¶6 Poplin testified that although he had “completed the reason” for the
traffic stop when he asked Crone for the two pill bottles, he had already decided he
“was going to start a drug investigation and look further into the pill bottles” based
on his initial contact with her. Poplin admitted that he never told Crone that she was
free to leave. When asked whether Poplin had “any particular reason to think that
there wasn’t a prescription prior to looking at the bottles,” he replied, “Just based
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on prior law enforcement training and experience I have found illegal substances in
pill bottles.”
¶7 The circuit court denied Crone’s suppression motion. The court found
Poplin’s request to inspect the two pill bottles “was of a very minimal intrusion”
and “did not … require a tremendous amount of additional time.” The court
therefore concluded there “was a valid expansion under these very limited
circumstances as to how [Poplin] approached it and how [Crone] responded.” Crone
pleaded no contest to the possession of a controlled substance count, and she now
appeals.2
DISCUSSION
¶8 Whether evidence should be suppressed is a question of constitutional
fact. State v. Wright, 2019 WI 45, ¶22, 386 Wis. 2d 495, 926 N.W.2d 157. When
presented with a question of constitutional fact, this court engages in a two-part
inquiry. Id. First, we review the circuit court’s findings of historical fact under the
clearly erroneous standard. Id. Second, we independently apply constitutional
principles to these historical facts. Id.¶9 The United States and Wisconsin Constitutions both protect the rights
of individuals to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, and we normally
interpret article I, section 11 of the Wisconsin Constitution coextensively with the
Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Fourth Amendment. State v. Floyd, 2017 WI
78, ¶19, 377 Wis. 2d 394, 898 N.W.2d 560. A traffic stop is a form of seizure
2
A circuit court’s order denying a motion to suppress evidence may be reviewed on appeal
from a judgment of conviction notwithstanding a defendant’s no-contest plea. See WIS. STAT.
§ 971.31(10).
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entitled to Fourth Amendment protections. Id., ¶20. Crone, however, does not
challenge the lawfulness of her initial traffic stop.
¶10 Rather, Crone argues the traffic stop was unlawfully prolonged. A
traffic stop can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably
required to effectuate its purpose. See id., ¶21. After a stop is made, an officer may
expand the scope of inquiry only to investigate “additional suspicious factors” that
come to the officer’s attention. State v. Hogan, 2015 WI 76, ¶35, 364 Wis. 2d 167,
868 N.W.2d 124. “An expansion in the scope of the inquiry, when accompanied by
an extension of time longer than would have been needed for the original stop, must
be supported by reasonable suspicion.” Id.¶11 The State rightfully concedes on appeal that Poplin did not have
reasonable suspicion to lawfully expand the traffic stop and inquire into whether
Crone legally possessed the contents of the two pill bottles. Poplin’s observation of
pill bottles in Crone’s possession—especially with him being unable to see if there
were labels on the bottles—does not give rise to a reasonable suspicion that Crone
illegally possessed a controlled substance. Consequently, the lawfulness of the
traffic stop turns on whether it lasted longer than was necessary to reasonably
effectuate its original purpose. See Wright, 386 Wis. 2d 495, ¶¶23-24.
¶12 Our supreme court and the United States Supreme Court have both
recently spoken on this topic, and we are bound by their holdings. See State v.
Jennings, 2002 WI 44, ¶18, 252 Wis. 2d 228, 647 N.W.2d 142; Cook v. Cook, 208
Wis. 2d 166, 189, 560 N.W.2d 246 (1997). These cases establish that the “tolerable
duration” of a traffic stop is determined by its “‘mission’—to address the traffic
violation that warranted the stop and attend to related safety concerns.” Wright,
386 Wis. 2d 495, ¶23 & n.19 (quoting Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348,
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354 (2015)). A traffic stop’s mission includes: “(1) addressing the traffic violation
that warranted the stop; (2) conducting ordinary inquiries incident to the stop; and
(3) taking negligibly burdensome precautions to ensure officer safety.” Id., ¶24.
When those tasks are completed, or reasonably should have been completed, the
lawful authority for a traffic stop ends. Id.
¶13 The Supreme Court has recognized, however, that “the Fourth
Amendment tolerate[s] certain unrelated investigations that d[o] not lengthen the
roadside detention.” Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354. Any unrelated inquiries during
an otherwise lawful traffic stop cannot prolong the stop beyond the amount of time
reasonably required to complete the stop’s mission (again, absent the reasonable
suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual). Id. at 354-55.
Importantly, the length of time required for a law enforcement officer to ask a
question regarding an unrelated inquiry, even if it is purely investigatory in nature,
by itself is insufficient to transform a reasonable, lawful stop into an unreasonable,
unlawful one. See State v. Griffith, 2000 WI 72, ¶¶56-61, 236 Wis. 2d 48, 613
N.W.2d 72 (citing Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33 (1996); and State v. Gaulrapp,
207 Wis. 2d 600, 558 N.W.2d 696 (Ct. App. 1996)). To that end, our supreme court
has recently stated:
While it is true that such a [frisk] search can be [an annoying,
frightening, and perhaps humiliating experience], a request
to conduct such a search cannot. In fact, that request is just
like “questions seeking information” because it is just
seeking information—to wit, whether Mr. Floyd would
agree to be searched. What follows the answer to the
question may be a non-negligible burden, but that says
nothing about the nature of the question itself.
Floyd, 377 Wis. 2d 394, ¶28. In another recent case, our supreme court stated,
“[The officer’s] question about whether Wright held a [concealed carry weapon]
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2018AP1764-CR
CCW permit did not ‘measurably extend the duration of the stop.’ Obviously, [the]
question took some amount of time to ask. However, we view the time it took …
to ask the CCW question as de minimis and virtually incapable of measurement.”
Wright, 386 Wis. 2d 495, ¶47.
¶14 Beyond the foregoing, another consideration informs our analysis.
Namely, the Supreme Court has consistently eschewed bright-line rules when
determining whether law enforcement violated an individual’s Fourth Amendment
rights. See Robinette, 519 U.S. at 39. Similarly, Wisconsin courts have rejected
setting “[a] hard and fast time limit rule” for temporary detentions when considering
the reasonableness of a stop’s duration. See State v. Gruen, 218 Wis. 2d 581, 590,
582 N.W.2d 728 (Ct. App. 1998) (citation omitted). Rather, the touchstone of the
Fourth Amendment has long been—and continues to be—whether the actions of
law enforcement were reasonable. See Robinette, 519 U.S. at 39. Reasonableness,
in turn, is a fact-intensive inquiry, measured in objective terms, by examining the
totality of the circumstances. Id.¶15 We conclude that Poplin’s very brief, continued detention of Crone to
ask if he could look at the two pill bottles she possessed was reasonable under the
Fourth Amendment. To begin, we acknowledge that Poplin’s request to view the
pill bottles was unrelated to the traffic stop’s original mission of addressing Crone’s
speeding—i.e., the traffic violation that warranted the stop. See Wright, 386
Wis. 2d 495, ¶24. His investigation of the two pill bottles was not an ordinary
inquiry attendant to the stop. “Typically such inquiries involve checking the
driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants against the
driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insurance.”
Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 355. Additionally, Poplin’s inquiry regarding the two pill
bottles plainly was unrelated to his safety. See Wright, 386 Wis. 2d 495, ¶¶25-26.
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2018AP1764-CR
Instead, Poplin testified that based on his training and experience, he thought illegal
substances could be in the pill bottles.
¶16 Still, Poplin’s question regarding the two pill bottles did not violate
Crone’s Fourth Amendment rights under the totality of the circumstances here. His
simple request for Crone’s consent to see the pill bottles did not unreasonably extend
the traffic stop beyond the amount of time required to complete the stop’s mission.
In particular, and on this record, his request occurred either contemporaneously with
him returning Crone’s license or immediately thereafter.3 Under either scenario,
Poplin did not unreasonably extend the stop by merely asking the question. Indeed,
the scenario here appears to fit squarely within our supreme court’s language in
Floyd and Wright. See supra, ¶13.
¶17 A contrary conclusion would create a rule gainsaying Fourth
Amendment precedent in two ways. First, such a rule would run afoul of the notion
that the length of time required to ask a question is insufficient to transform a lawful
stop into an unlawful one, even when the question is investigatory in nature and
unrelated to officer safety. See Floyd, 377 Wis. 2d 394, ¶28; Griffith, 236 Wis. 2d
3Crone takes the position on appeal that Poplin clearly completed the mission for the
traffic stop—i.e., returned her driver’s license—before he asked for her consent to search the two
pill bottles. The record is not as clear on this matter as Crone makes it seem. Poplin testified that
he “re-approached the vehicle, returned her driver’s license to her, and asked to see the pill bottles.”
Additionally, neither party incorporates Poplin’s narrative, which is attached to the complaint, to
provide further clarification of the sequence of events. Therein, Poplin writes: “I re-approached
on the driver’s side, handed her driver’s license and explained to her that she needs to get a current
insurance card. I then asked [Crone] to show me the pill bottles in her purse.”
To the extent Crone contends Poplin’s testimony that he “completed the reason” for the
traffic stop “prior to” when he asked Crone for the two pill bottles is dispositive, we note that an
officer’s subjective beliefs are generally inconsequential when the Fourth Amendment is
implicated. See, e.g., State v. Kramer, 2009 WI 14, ¶¶26-27, 315 Wis. 2d 414, 759 N.W.2d 598;
State v. Kyles, 2004 WI 15, ¶23, 269 Wis. 2d 1, 675 N.W.2d 449. More importantly, and as we
discuss in this opinion, the precise timing of Poplin’s request for consent is inconsequential under
the totality of the circumstances presented in this case.
8
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48, ¶¶56-61 (discussing Robinette and Gaulrapp). Second, an adoption of Crone’s
contrary conclusion necessarily would create a rigid, bright-line rule that is
historically viewed with disfavor in cases involving the reasonableness of searches
and seizures implicating the Fourth Amendment. See Robinette, 519 U.S. at 39.
¶18 Crone’s arguments on appeal do not dissuade us from the foregoing
analysis and conclusions, especially based on existing precedent. She first asserts
that Gaulrapp (and, by extension, Robinette) should not be relied upon because it
does not “squarely address” the issues presented, with her also implying that it is no
longer good law after Rodriguez. She further argues that Robinette, a Supreme
Court case upon which Gaulrapp relied, is inapposite because, in her view,
“Robinette was not about the legality of an extended stop.”
¶19 We disagree that Robinette and Gaulrapp do not inform the issues
presented. Robinette held that the Fourth Amendment does not require a lawfully
seized defendant be advised that he or she is “free to go” before his or her consent
to a search will be recognized as voluntary. Robinette, 519 U.S. at 35. In so doing,
the Court rejected a bright-line rule requiring a “free to go” statement and concluded
that a fact-specific, contextual approach for assessing the voluntariness of a
defendant’s consent to search was consistent with the Court’s Fourth Amendment
precedent determining the reasonableness of a search or seizure. Id. at 39-40.
¶20 Gaulrapp, in turn, addressed whether law enforcement officers were
permitted to ask a driver involved in a traffic stop—whom they stopped after
observing his vehicle’s “loud muffler that was almost dragging on the roadway”—
if he had drugs or weapons inside his vehicle, and if they could have consent to
search his vehicle and person. Gaulrapp, 207 Wis. 2d at 603, 609. This court
concluded Gaulrapp’s detention “was not unreasonably prolonged by the asking of
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one question. After that question, the detention was prolonged because Gaulrapp
consented to the search.” Id. at 609. We also observed that Robinette’s holding
was difficult to reconcile with Gaulrapp’s position “that the very asking of the first
question about drugs and firearms, without a reasonable suspicion that he possessed
either, transformed the legal stop into an illegal stop, making his consent
automatically invalid.” Id. at 608.
¶21 Crone’s attempts to distinguish Robinette and Gaulrapp are
unpersuasive for a few reasons. First, while Robinette involved the voluntariness
of a defendant’s consent to search, we find Robinette instructive because the
Supreme Court’s rejection of a per se rule in favor of the totality of the
circumstances approach is consistent with the critical inquiry here—to wit, whether
Poplin’s question unrelated to the basis for the traffic stop was reasonable under the
totality of the circumstances. Additionally, Gaulrapp’s factual similarities
involving an officer’s simple request for consent to search are not diminished by
Robinette not having expressly decided the legality of the extended stop at issue in
that case. Indeed, as indicated above, Gaulrapp appears to have implicitly answered
that the extended traffic stop in Robinette was lawful under existing precedent. See
Gaulrapp, 207 Wis. 2d at 608. In all, we see nothing to suggest that either Robinette
or Gaulrapp is at odds with the Supreme Court’s more recent Rodriguez decision
and, consequently, is no longer good law. We therefore reject Crone’s attempts to
downplay those authorities.4
4
We do agree with Crone on two points, however. First, State v. Wright, 2019 WI 45,
386 Wis. 2d 495, 926 N.W.2d 157, is materially distinguishable and, therefore, not dispositive of
the issue on appeal. Second, Brown, the case for which we held Crone’s appeal in abeyance,
ultimately does not resolve the issue presented. The decision did, however, reiterate the principle
that law enforcement may lawfully ask an investigative question unrelated to a traffic stop if doing
so does not measurably extend the duration of the stop. Brown, 392 Wis. 2d 454, ¶16.
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¶22 Crone also asserts that Poplin’s request unlawfully extended the
traffic stop under the Supreme Court’s decision in Rodriguez, a case she maintains
more “squarely addresses the issue presented” than Robinette and Gaulrapp.
Rodriguez involved a K-9 dog sniff unrelated to the mission of the traffic stop.
Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 348, 355-56. The officer undisputedly had completed all of
the stop’s mission-related activities when he asked Rodriguez for permission to
conduct a dog sniff, which Rodriguez declined to grant. Id. at 352. The officer then
instructed Rodriguez to exit the vehicle and wait for a second officer to arrive on
the scene. Id. Seven to eight minutes had elapsed from the time the stop’s mission-
related activities had been completed to when the second officer arrived and the dog
sniff took place. Id.
¶23 The Court concluded that the dog sniff violated Rodriguez’s Fourth
Amendment rights because it prolonged the stop beyond the time reasonably
required to complete its mission. See id. at 350-51, 357. In so doing, the Court
stated, “The critical question … is not whether the dog sniff occurs before or after
the officer issues a ticket … but whether conducting the sniff prolongs—i.e., adds
time to—the stop[.]” Id. at 357 (citations omitted).
¶24 Crone argues Rodriguez supports her position and resolves this case
in her favor. She maintains that the traffic stop’s mission had already been
completed when Poplin asked for her consent and that his request added time to the
stop in a way that is “absolutely measurable,” leaning heavily on Rodriguez’s
language that “prolongs” means “adds time to.”
¶25 Accepting Crone’s factual premise, for argument’s sake, that Poplin’s
request occurred immediately after he returned her license, see supra, ¶16 & n.3,
we are unpersuaded that Rodriguez is either dispositive of, or otherwise supports,
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her position. Unlike Poplin’s stop of Crone, the stop in Rodriguez was prolonged
many minutes (seven to eight) for law enforcement to conduct an activity (a dog
sniff) unrelated to the stop’s mission, all without Rodriguez’s consent. Poplin’s
simple request for Crone’s consent to view the two pill bottles—which consent
Crone readily provided—occurring immediately after he handed her license back—
which is a mission-related activity—is materially different.5 Cf. State v. Gammons,
2001 WI App 36, ¶¶3, 19, 241 Wis. 2d 296, 625 N.W.2d 623 (distinguishing
Gaulrapp by concluding that the traffic stop at issue was transformed into an
unlawful detention because during an unrelated investigation, the defendant did not
consent immediately to a search of his vehicle but only consented after the threat of
a K-9 dog sniff).
¶26 We further disagree with the notion, implicit in Crone’s argument,
that Rodriguez created a rigid rule on when an inquiry unrelated to a traffic stop is
unlawful. The quote upon which Crone relies concludes a paragraph discussing that
the reasonableness of a seizure is measured by what law enforcement actually did
in a particular instance. See Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 357. Notably, the Court
specifically rejected the government’s argument that “an officer can earn bonus time
to pursue an unrelated criminal investigation” if he or she completed expeditiously
all mission-related activities. Id. Instead, the Court concluded that if an officer can
complete mission-related inquiries expeditiously, “then that is the amount of time
reasonably required to complete the stop’s mission .… [A] traffic stop prolonged
beyond that point is unlawful.” Id. (citations omitted).
5
To be sure, there would come a point where, after the traffic stop’s mission had ended, a
delay in actually ending the stop—which would occur, for example, when the officer tells the driver
he or she is free to leave, or when the officer returns to his or her vehicle—before asking such a
question would impermissibly extend the stop and violate the Fourth Amendment. Indeed, such a
delay may not need to be that long for the extension to become unlawful. We merely conclude
that, under the facts in this case, such an unreasonable and unlawful delay did not occur.
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¶27 This context from the Court’s decision is important because it
demonstrates that the demarcation of when unrelated mission activities
unreasonably and unlawfully extend a stop is inexact. Cf. id. (“The critical
question … is not whether the dog sniff occurs before or after the officer issues a
ticket ….”). Rather, a court assesses the reasonableness of an officer’s manner of
conducting unrelated mission activities. Id. at 354, 357. And, similar to other
Fourth Amendment inquiries, reasonableness is determined based on the totality of
the circumstances. See Robinette, 519 U.S. at 39. A holistic reading of Rodriguez
therefore illustrates that it did not create the bright-line rule Crone seemingly relies
upon in her appellate arguments.
¶28 We emphasize one final point. We disagree with the notion
underlying Crone’s arguments that Poplin’s request for consent violated her Fourth
Amendment rights merely because the inquiry occurred at the very end of (or
immediately after) the stop, rather than “during” it. To be sure, the timing of when
the unrelated investigations in Rodriguez, Wright and Floyd occurred does not
mirror precisely when Poplin’s unrelated inquiry occurred here. Still, we believe
the principles derived from those cases govern our analysis. As discussed above,
although the time it takes to ask a question is measurable, the fact that an inquiry is
made does not, in and of itself, create the type of unreasonable burden to make an
extension of a traffic stop unlawful for Fourth Amendment purposes. That notion
is true whether the question occurs in the “middle” of a stop versus at the very end
of one. Under the circumstances of this case, we perceive no valid reason why the
reasonableness of such a question turns on when it was asked during a lawful
encounter. Notwithstanding, we strongly caution that delays between the proper
ending of a traffic stop and when an officer poses an unrelated, investigatory
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question need not be long at all before the stop’s extension becomes unreasonable
and, thus, unlawful. See supra, ¶25 n.5.
¶29 Having determined that Poplin’s simple request for Crone’s consent
did not unreasonably or unlawfully extend the traffic stop, we now turn to whether
her consent to search the two pill bottles was constitutionally valid. We conclude
that it was. Crone’s consent was constitutionally valid if, under the totality of the
circumstances, it was freely and voluntarily given. See Floyd, 377 Wis. 2d 394,
¶¶29-30. The record does not indicate Poplin employed any misrepresentation,
deception or trickery, nor did he use any threats or physical intimidation. See id.,
¶32. Moreover, Crone makes no appellate argument asserting the contrary. Thus,
Crone’s consent turned the continued encounter into a consensual one, such that the
Fourth Amendment was no longer implicated, and Poplin’s continued inquiries
regarding the pill bottles were lawful. The circuit court therefore did not err by
denying Crone’s motion to suppress.
By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.
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No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
¶30 STARK, P.J. (concurring). I concur in the result reached by the
majority opinion because I agree that it is compelled by binding precedent—
specifically, by the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Wright, 2019
WI 45, 386 Wis. 2d 495, 926 N.W.2d 157. I write separately, however, to express
concern that the majority’s analysis, as compelled by Wright, is inconsistent with
the purpose of the Fourth Amendment and fails to properly balance the public and
private interests at stake.
¶31 As the majority aptly notes, the tolerable duration of a traffic stop “is
determined by the seizure’s ‘mission’—to address the traffic violation that
warranted the stop … and attend to related safety concerns.” Rodriguez v. United
States, 575 U.S. 348, 354 (2015) (citations omitted). “Authority for the seizure thus
ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have been—
completed.” Id. Although the Fourth Amendment “tolerate[s] certain unrelated
investigations that d[o] not lengthen the roadside detention,” id., the seizure
“remains lawful only ‘so long as [unrelated] inquiries do not measurably extend the
duration of the stop.’” Id. at 355 (quoting Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 333
(2009)).
¶32 In Wright, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that no Fourth
Amendment violation occurred when, during a traffic stop for an unrelated traffic
violation, an officer asked the defendant whether he had a permit to carry a
concealed weapon (CCW permit) and then completed a CCW permit check.
Wright, 386 Wis. 2d 495, ¶¶12, 50. The Wright court acknowledged that both the
officer’s question and the permit check were unrelated to the mission of the stop—
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
they did not address the traffic violation that formed the basis for the stop, they were
not part of the ordinary inquiries incident to the stop, and they did not further the
interest of officer safety. Id., ¶¶24, 36-37. Nevertheless, the court concluded that
the officer’s inquiries did not violate the Fourth Amendment because they did not
measurably extend the duration of the stop. Id., ¶¶12, 47-50. As particularly
relevant here, the court acknowledged that the officer’s “CCW permit question took
some amount of time to ask.” Id., ¶47. However, the court stated that the time it
took the officer to ask the CCW question was “de minimis and virtually incapable
of measurement. Thus, the CCW question did not violate the Fourth Amendment
in the instant case.” Id.
¶33 Accordingly, the supreme court in Wright held that an officer’s asking
of a single question unrelated to the mission of a traffic stop does not violate the
Fourth Amendment because the negligible amount of time required to ask a question
is “de minimis” and thus does not measurably extend the duration of the stop. Under
Wright, which is binding precedent, I have no choice but to agree with the majority
that deputy Poplin did not violate the Fourth Amendment by asking to see the pill
bottles in Crone’s purse. That question was unrelated to the mission of the stop in
that it was not related to the underlying traffic violation, it was not part of the
ordinary inquiries incident to the stop, and it was not related to officer safety. See
id., ¶24. In addition, as the State correctly concedes, Poplin’s question was not
supported by reasonable suspicion to expand the scope of the stop to inquire into
whether Crone legally possessed the contents of the pill bottles. See State v. Hogan,
2015 WI 76, ¶35, 364 Wis. 2d 167, 868 N.W.2d 124. Nonetheless, under Wright,
2
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
the time necessary to ask the question was “de minimis” and, as such, Poplin’s
asking of the question did not violate Crone’s Fourth Amendment rights.1
¶34 Although we are bound by Wright, I write separately because I am
concerned that the supreme court’s holding in that case is inconsistent with the
“basic purpose” of the Fourth Amendment—that is, “to safeguard the privacy and
1
According to the majority, State v. Wright, 2019 WI 45, 386 Wis. 2d 495, 926 N.W.2d
157, is “materially distinguishable and, therefore, not dispositive of the issue on appeal.” Majority,
¶21 n.4. I disagree. Instead, for the reasons already discussed, I conclude Wright directly controls
the issue of whether Poplin’s question to Crone impermissibly extended the duration of the traffic
stop.
The majority instead relies on State v. Floyd, 2017 WI 78, ¶28, 377 Wis. 2d 394, 898
N.W.2d 560, and State v. Griffith, 2000 WI 72, ¶¶56-61, 236 Wis. 2d 48, 613 N.W.2d 72, for the
proposition that “the length of time required to ask a question is insufficient to transform a lawful
stop into an unlawful one, even when the question is investigatory in nature and unrelated to officer
safety.” Majority, ¶17. I conclude, however, that both Floyd and Griffith are distinguishable. The
officer’s questions in Floyd—i.e., whether Floyd had any weapons or anything that could harm the
officer, and whether the officer could perform a search for his safety—were related to officer safety
and were therefore part of the “mission” of the traffic stop. See Floyd, 377 Wis. 2d 394, ¶28;
Wright, 386 Wis. 2d 495, ¶24. Here, Poplin’s request to see Crone’s pill bottles was plainly
unrelated to officer safety.
In Griffith, officers stopped a vehicle that they knew was registered to an individual who
did not have a valid driver’s license. Griffith, 236 Wis. 2d 48, ¶¶8-10. Griffith, who was later
alleged to have been a passenger in the back seat of the vehicle, conceded that the initial stop of the
vehicle was lawful. Id., ¶¶13, 27. He argued, however, that the lawful seizure “became unlawful
when, having already determined that the driver had no valid license, [an officer] asked the rear
passenger his name and date of birth.” Id., ¶28. In rejecting Griffith’s argument, the supreme court
noted that “the brief period of time it takes to ask a question does not unreasonably prolong a
temporary detention.” Id., ¶56. The court also concluded, however, that “asking the rear passenger
for identification furthered several legitimate public interests and was reasonably related to the
purpose of the stop.” Id., ¶49. In other words, the question was part of the mission of the traffic
stop, which is undisputedly not the case here.
Moreover, the Griffith court’s statement that “the brief period of time it takes to ask a
question does not unreasonably prolong a temporary detention” should not be read in isolation. See
id., ¶56. The Griffith court did not hold that the questioning in that case was permissible simply
because of the minimal amount of time it took. Instead, the Griffith court engaged in a balancing
analysis, in which it weighed “the public interest served by the questioning against the incremental
liberty intrusion that resulted from the questioning.” Id., ¶38. As discussed below, I conclude such
a balancing analysis would be a more appropriate means of assessing the reasonableness of Poplin’s
question to Crone in this case, instead of considering only the amount of time required to ask that
question.
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No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
security of individuals against arbitrary invasions by governmental officials.” See
Camara v. Municipal Ct. of City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 387 U.S. 523, 528
(1967). That purpose is not served by enforcing a blanket rule permitting law
enforcement officers to extend traffic stops to conduct unrelated inquiries that are
unsupported by reasonable suspicion, as long as those inquiries do not take longer
than the amount of time needed to ask a question. A single question may, under
certain circumstances, constitute precisely the type of arbitrary invasion into an
individual’s privacy or security against which the Fourth Amendment is intended to
protect.
¶35 I therefore submit that the negligible amount of time needed to ask an
unrelated question during a traffic stop cannot be the sole criterion by which the
reasonableness of the extension of the stop is judged. Instead, I would look to
Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 50 (1979) (citations omitted), where the United States
Supreme Court explained that the reasonableness of a seizure that is less intrusive
than a traditional arrest depends on “a balance between the public interest and the
individual’s right to personal security free from arbitrary interference by law
officers.” “Consideration of the constitutionality of such seizures involves a
weighing of the gravity of the public concerns served by the seizure, the degree to
which the seizure advances the public interest, and the severity of the interference
with individual liberty.” Id. at 50-51.
¶36 In State v. Griffith, 2000 WI 72, ¶37, 236 Wis. 2d 48, 613 N.W.2d
72, the Wisconsin Supreme Court recognized that Brown “sets forth the framework
that guides our examination of whether the police conduct” during a traffic stop
constitutes an unreasonable seizure for Fourth Amendment purposes. The
defendant in Griffith did not challenge the reasonableness of the initial traffic stop,
but he argued subsequent police conduct during the stop—namely, an officer’s
4
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
asking a back seat passenger for identifying information—violated the Fourth
Amendment. See id., ¶38. The court explained that under those circumstances, the
issue was “whether the incremental intrusion that resulted from the identification
questions was unreasonable.” Id. Consistent with Brown, the court stated the
resolution of that issue required it to “weigh the public interest served by the
questioning against the incremental liberty intrusion that resulted from the
questioning.” Id.
¶37 In conducting that analysis, the Griffith court first concluded that
“permitting law enforcement officers to request identifying information from
passengers in traffic stops serves the public interest in several ways that are
reasonably related to the purpose of a traffic stop.” Id., ¶45. First, the court stated
there is a public interest in completing the investigation of the traffic violation that
justified the stop, which might include obtaining a passenger’s identifying
information. Id., ¶46. Second, the court stated it was reasonable for the officers in
Griffith to request the back seat passenger’s identifying information in order to
determine whether he was licensed to drive, as they had already learned that the
driver and another passenger did not have valid licenses. Id., ¶47. The court
reasoned that there is a public interest “in determining whether a car must be towed
at public expense or may be driven away by a private party,” and “[p]ermitting
police officers to talk to passengers during a traffic stop will further this interest.”
Id. Third, the court stated there is a “general public interest in attempting to obtain
identifying information from witnesses to police-citizen encounters,” as those
individuals may later be able to assist police in locating the person who violated the
law and may also be able to provide information about what occurred during the
stop if questions arise about law enforcement’s conduct. Id., ¶48.
5
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
¶38 Turning to the private side of the balance, the Griffith court noted
that: (1) the traffic stop took place in public view; (2) the entire encounter took only
a few minutes; (3) the back seat passenger had the right to refuse to answer the
identification questions; (4) an officer’s mere posing of a question does not
constitute a seizure under the Fourth Amendment; and (5) the time needed to ask
the identification questions was “very brief.” Id., ¶¶50-55. The court then
concluded:
In sum, on the private side of the equation, we find that the
additional interference with the passenger’s personal liberty
that resulted from the identification questions was minimal.
The passenger was already seized pursuant to a lawful traffic
stop. The only change in the passenger’s circumstances that
resulted from the questioning is that rather than sitting
silently while being temporarily detained, he had to decide
whether to answer the officer’s questions. The passenger
probably felt some obligation to respond to the officer’s
questions, but he was under no legal obligation to do so and
could not have been prosecuted for refusing to respond.
Weighing the public interest served by permitting police to
request identifying information from passengers against the
incremental intrusion upon individual privacy interests, we
conclude that the public interests are substantial and the
interference with private liberty interests is de minimis. We
therefore hold that the identification questions did not
transform the reasonable search into an unreasonable one
under the circumstances of this case.
Id., ¶¶62-63.
¶39 Absent our supreme court’s holding in Wright, I would apply the type
of balancing analysis set forth in Brown and Griffith and conclude that Poplin’s
extension of the traffic stop to ask about the pill bottles in Crone’s purse was
unreasonable and therefore violated the Fourth Amendment. Poplin stopped Crone
for speeding—a relatively minor civil forfeiture offense—at 9:00 a.m. The State
concedes that he had no reasonable suspicion to ask Crone about the pill bottles he
6
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
saw in her purse. Although there is undoubtedly a public interest in ensuring that
individuals who are stopped for speeding are not operating while under the influence
of drugs, Poplin did not testify that anything about either Crone’s driving or her
behavior during the stop made him believe that she was impaired. And, while Poplin
observed two pill bottles in Crone’s purse, he had no reason to believe that those
bottles did not contain legal prescription medications. Under these circumstances,
there was minimal—if any—public interest in questioning Crone about the pill
bottles. Unlike the identification questions in Griffith, Poplin’s question about the
pill bottles was not necessary to complete his investigation of the speeding violation,
to determine the identity of potential witnesses, or to serve another purpose
necessitated by the stop, such as determining who might be able to move a stopped
vehicle out of a private parking lot.
¶40 On the other hand, Poplin’s question about the pill bottles interfered
with Crone’s significant privacy interest in her own medical information. As in
Griffith, Crone’s stop was conducted in the public view, Poplin’s question took only
a few seconds, and Crone could have declined to answer it. Unlike in Griffith,
however, the question in this case pertained to Crone’s private medical information.
Our society recognizes the sensitive nature of a person’s private medical
information and therefore treats such information as being highly confidential. See,
e.g., WIS. STAT. § 146.82(1) (2019-20) (stating that all patient health care records
“shall remain confidential”). The officer in Griffith merely asked the back seat
passenger to provide his name and date of birth—innocuous identifying information
that individuals are routinely asked to provide in various facets of day-to-day life.
An officer’s request for such innocuous information does not impact an individual’s
privacy interest in the same way as an officer’s request that a person disclose his or
her confidential medical information.
7
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
¶41 On these facts, I would conclude that Crone’s significant interest in
keeping her confidential medical information private outweighed the minimal—or
nonexistent—public interest served by Poplin questioning her about the pill bottles
in her purse. Although the time needed to ask about the pill bottles may have been
brief, the nature of the intrusion, and the lack of any significant public interest
supporting it, convinces me that under the totality of the circumstances the extension
of the traffic stop to ask about the pill bottles was unreasonable. The question was,
quite simply, an arbitrary invasion of Crone’s privacy by the government—the very
evil against which the Fourth Amendment was intended to protect.
¶42 Before closing, I pause to address what I perceive to be two other
deficiencies in the majority’s analysis, as compelled by our supreme court’s holding
in Wright. First, the majority emphasizes that the United States Supreme Court “has
consistently eschewed bright-line rules when determining whether law enforcement
violated an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights.” Majority, ¶14. The majority
then correctly asserts that the “touchstone” of the Fourth Amendment is
reasonableness, and that reasonableness “is a fact-intensive inquiry, measured in
objective terms, by examining the totality of the circumstances.” Id.
¶43 In this case, however, it is actually the majority that applies a
bright-line rule in concluding that Poplin’s question to Crone about the pill bottles
did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Consistent with Wright, the majority
concludes Poplin’s question did not unreasonably extend the traffic stop because
“the length of time required to ask a question is insufficient to transform a lawful
stop into an unlawful one, even when the question is investigatory in nature and
unrelated to officer safety.” Majority, ¶17. That is a bright-line rule—under Wright
and the majority’s analysis, a single question unrelated to the mission of a traffic
stop will never unreasonably extend the duration of a traffic stop and therefore will
8
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
never violate the Fourth Amendment. The analysis I propose would instead
consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the extension of the stop in
order to determine whether that extension was reasonable for Fourth Amendment
purposes.
¶44 My second reservation regarding the majority/Wright analysis is
this: although the majority and Wright apply a bright-line rule that may be
employed in cases where an officer extended a traffic stop by asking a single
question, they provide no guidance for other cases as to how long a stop may be
extended by unrelated inquiries before the extension stops being “de minimis” and
becomes unreasonable. A single question may take only a few seconds to ask. But
what if the officer asks two questions? Or, what if the officer asks a series of
interrelated questions that last twenty seconds, or even one minute? Would the
extension of the traffic stop be unreasonable under those circumstances? The
majority/Wright analysis provides no guidance in such cases. In contrast, a totality
of the circumstances approach that balances the public and private interests at stake
is equally applicable regardless of the length of time by which unrelated inquiries
extend a traffic stop in a particular case.2
¶45 In summary, while I conclude that the result reached by the majority
in this case is compelled by our supreme court’s holding in Wright, I am concerned
that the majority/Wright approach is inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment’s
purpose of safeguarding individuals’ privacy and security against arbitrary
2
I agree with the majority that for purposes of determining whether unrelated inquiries
unreasonably extended a traffic stop, it makes no difference whether the unrelated inquiries
occurred during the course of the stop or at its conclusion. See Majority, ¶28. I note, however, that
the balancing analysis that I would apply in this case to assess the reasonableness of the extension
applies equally well regardless of whether the unrelated inquiries occurred during or at the end of
the stop.
9
No. 2018AP1764-CR(C)
governmental intrusions. If I were writing on a blank slate, I would therefore apply
the type of balancing analysis set forth in Brown and Griffith and conclude that
Poplin’s extension of the traffic stop to inquire about the pill bottles in Crone’s purse
was unreasonable and violated the Fourth Amendment. Wright is, however, binding
precedent. I therefore respectfully concur.
2