State of West Virginia v. Ray

FILED
January 12, 2022
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
State of West Virginia,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent
vs.) No. 20-0928 (Berkeley County CC-02-2020-F-46)
Joseph G. Ray,
Defendant Below, Petitioner
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Joseph G. Ray, by counsel Dylan Batten, appeals the October 15, 2020, order of
the Circuit Court of Berkeley County accepting petitioner’s conditional guilty plea to one count of
failure to update the sex offender registry under West Virginia Code § 15-12-8(c) and sentencing
him to a term of incarceration for a period of not less than one nor more than five years. Respondent
State of West Virginia, by counsel Patrick Morrisey and Lara K. Bissett, filed a summary response
in support of the circuit court’s order.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under Rule 21 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Previously, petitioner was convicted of third-degree sexual assault. As a result of this
conviction, the West Virginia Sex Offender Registration Act (“SORA”), West Virginia Code §§
15-12-1 to -10, requires he register as a sex offender for life. Additionally, under the SORA,
petitioner is required to re-register within three business days of his release from incarceration for
any offense. W. Va. Code § 15-12-2(e)(1), in part (“Any person currently registered who is
incarcerated for any offense shall re-register within three business days of his or her release.”).
“Any person required to register for life . . . who knowingly fails to register or knowingly fails to
provide a change in any required information . . . is guilty of a felony . . . .” W. Va. Code § 15-12-
8(c).
In July of 2019, a criminal complaint was filed against petitioner. The criminal complaint
claimed that petitioner had violated West Virginia Code § 15-12-8(c) by failing to update the sex
offender registry. The complaint contained the following narrative:
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Corporal Eshbaugh spoke with [petitioner]’s parole officer, Calvin Lease[,]
on August 27th, 2019. Mr. Lease indicated he had done a home visit that date, and
learned from the resident at 1704 Williamsport Pike that [petitioner] had not lived
at the residence since on or around July 18th, 2019, after he had been released from
jail. Mr. Lease indicated he was able to observe the room that [petitioner] had
stayed in, and that it was now a child’s bedroom and contained no items of
[petitioner].
Mr. Lease informed Cpl. Eshbaugh that he had [petitioner] incarcerated in
July of 2019 for three days on a parole hold order, due to an observed violation.
[Petitioner] has failed to update the registry within three business days of
release from incarceration and has failed to update his current address within 10
business days.
On February 19, 2020, petitioner was indicted on two counts of failure to update the sex
offender registry under West Virginia Code § 15-12-8(c). Count One alleged that petitioner
violated West Virginia Code § 15-12-8(c) by failing to update the registry after three days of
incarceration. Count Two alleged that petitioner violated West Virginia Code § 15-12-8(c) by
failing to update his current address.
Petitioner accepted a plea offer, agreeing to enter a conditional guilty plea to Count One in
exchange for the dismissal of Count Two. By order entered on October 15, 2020, the circuit court
accepted petitioner’s guilty plea, acknowledging that the plea “is a ‘conditional’ plea, which
permits the Defendant to appeal to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, challenging the
constitutionality of W.Va. Code § 15-12-2(e).” The circuit court then sentenced petitioner to a
term of incarceration for a period of not less than one nor more than five years.
Petitioner now appeals the circuit court’s October 15, 2020, order. He argues that West
Virginia Code § 15-12-2(e)(1), which requires a person currently registered as a sex offender to
re-register within three business days of release from incarceration for any offense, “is
unconstitutional in so far as said amendment is not reasonably related to the purpose of said statute
and is not rationally related to a government purpose.” In that the issue on appeal is clearly a
question of law, we apply a de novo standard of review. Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L.,
194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995) (“Where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is
clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard
of review.”).
In support of his argument, petitioner examines the history of West Virginia Code § 15-
12-2(e)(1). He notes that, prior to 2012, the re-registration requirement was not included in the
statute. Petitioner refers us to this Court’s decision in State v. Judge, 228 W. Va. 787, 724 S.E.2d
758 (2012), wherein we said that, under the former version of the statute that did not include a re-
registration requirement, an individual who was already registered as a sex offender was not
required to re-register following a period of incarceration. 1 Petitioner correctly observes that,
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In Judge, we noted, “We fully recognize that the Legislature may decide to amend the
[SORA] to require that a sex offender must undertake the registration process anew following each
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following our decision in Judge, the Legislature amended West Virginia Code § 15-12-2(e)(1),
adding the re-registration requirement. Petitioner contends that the amendment is “punitive in
nature” and “was designed to simply create a new requirement that may reasonably lead to future
incarceration or criminal charges.” He argues that such a purpose is not rationally related to a
legitimate government purpose.
Petitioner does not explicitly state which constitutional provision or provisions West
Virginia Code § 15-12-2(e)(1) violates, although petitioner does assert, “Under the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 10, Article III, of the West Virginia
Constitution this Court has applied the ‘rational basis’ test when analyzing statutes under due
process challenges.” Petitioner further asserts that “under the rational basis test, a law will be
upheld so long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state interest.” In support of this position,
he cites to the following cases which involve application of the rational basis test: Federal
Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 113 S. Ct. 2096(1993); City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 105 S. Ct. 3249 (1985); O’Dell
v. Town of Gauley Bridge, 188 W. Va. 596, 425 S.E.2d 551 (1992); and Gibson v. West Virginia
Department of Highways, 185 W. Va. 214, 406 S.E.2d 440 (1991). The common thread through
each of these cases is the application of the rational basis test to a claim that an ordinance or statute
violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection enshrined in the due process clauses of the
West Virginia Constitution and the United States Constitution.
“West Virginia’s constitutional equal protection principle is a part of the Due Process
Clause found in Article III, Section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution.” Syl. Pt. 4, Israel by
Israel v. W. Va. Secondary Sch. Activities Comm’n, 182 W. Va. 454, 388 S.E.2d 480 (1989); see
also City of Cleburn, 473 U.S. at 439, 105 S. Ct. at 3254 (“The Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment commands that no State shall ‘deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws[.]’”). “Equal protection of the law is implicated when a
classification treats similarly situated persons in a disadvantageous manner.” Israel, 182 W. Va.
at 455, 388 S.E.2d at 481, Syl. Pt. 2, in part. When a law creates a classification that results in
treating similarly situated persons differently, the constitutionality of the law is evaluated based
on the type of classification at issue. See Lewis v. Cannan Valley Resorts, Inc., 185 W. Va. 684,
691, 408 S.E.2d 634, 641 (1991) (stating that there are three types of equal protection analysis
involving different levels of scrutiny). When the classification at issue is not a suspect or quasi-
suspect classification, such as race or gender, the constitutionality of the law is evaluated using the
rational basis test. See id. (“[A]ll other legislative classifications, including those which involve
economic rights, are subjected to the least level of scrutiny[.]”). Under the rational basis test, “the
legislative classification will be upheld if it is reasonably related to the achievement of a legitimate
state purpose.” Id. In this instance, petitioner has not described the classification he believes is at
issue, but he contends that the rational basis test would apply to his claim.
In that petitioner relies primarily upon cases applying the rational basis test to claims
involving equal protection, we must conclude that petitioner is claiming that West Virginia Code
§ 15-12-2(e)(1) violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection as provided in Article III,
incarceration or confinement. Until such a change occurs, it will be necessary for the state police
to amend their procedural rule[.]” 228 W. Va. at 792, 724 S.E.2d at 763.
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Section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution. Thus, our first step in analyzing his claim is to determine what type of classification
is created by the statute.
As respondent points out, petitioner has not identified a classification that distinguishes
between similarly situated persons. Indeed, as noted by respondent, West Virginia Code § 15-12-
2(e)(1) “very plainly states that any registrant who has been incarcerated for any offense must re-
register upon his or her release from incarceration.” Petitioner has failed to identify a classification
distinguishing him from similarly situated persons, and we perceive no such classification in this
instance. In that there is no classification involved, the rational basis test, as it is applied to equal
protection claims, is not applicable in this instance, and petitioner cannot prevail on his equal
protection claim. Thus, we cannot conclude that West Virginia Code § 15-12-2(e)(1) is
unconstitutional on the ground that it violates the constitutional guarantee of equal protection.
Accordingly, we find that the circuit court committed no error.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: January 12, 2022
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice John A. Hutchison
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
DISSENTING:
Justice William R. Wooton
Wooton, Justice, dissenting:
I dissent to the majority’s resolution of this case. I would have set this case for oral
argument to thoroughly address the error alleged in this appeal. Having reviewed the parties’
briefs and the issues raised therein, I believe a formal opinion of this Court was warranted—not a
memorandum decision. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
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