In re D.R., N.R., and L.K.

FILED
June 22, 2021
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
In re D.R., N.R., and L.K.
No. 21-0098 (Jackson County 19-JA-129, 19-JA-130, and 19-JA-131)
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Stepfather J.C., by counsel Paul A. Knisley, appeals the Circuit Court of Jackson
County’s January 19, 2021, order terminating his parental rights to D.R., N.R., and L.K. 1 The West
Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Lee Niezgoda, filed
a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem, Nic Dalton, filed a
response on behalf of the child in support of the circuit court’s order. The children’s maternal
grandparents, A.L. and C.L., by counsel Erica Brannon Gunn, filed a response in support of the
circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court violated his due process
rights by relying on in camera testimony from the children taken in an earlier guardianship
proceeding and by granting permanent placement to the maternal grandparents. 2
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
In June of 2019, the respondent grandparents initiated proceedings to obtain legal
guardianship of the children. As the guardianship proceedings were ongoing, the grandparents
obtained a domestic violence protective order (“DVPO”) against petitioner, the children’s
stepfather, after credibly testifying that he threatened physical violence against them. Further, the
children’s guardian ad litem reported during the guardianship proceedings that “the two younger
1
Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W.
Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
2
Petitioner raises no assignment of error regarding the circuit court’s termination of his
parental rights. As such, this issue is not addressed herein.
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children do not wish to see [petitioner] because they are afraid of him.” In August of 2019, the
court awarded the grandparents temporary guardianship over the children. The children have
remained in the grandparent’s home continuously since that time. During the guardianship
proceeding, the court heard in camera testimony from the children in October of 2019. One child
disclosed having witnessed petitioner strike the mother and verbally abuse her, while the other two
children described hearing petitioner scream at their mother. The children described petitioner as
mean, and N.R. indicated that she did not feel safe in his custody. D.R. disclosed that petitioner
was physically abusive to the children, as petitioner “grabbed [him] by the shirt, ripped it, and
threw him up against a wall.” D.R. also witnessed petitioner “whip L.K. because she went to the
refrigerator” and strike the other children with a belt. D.R. further indicated that petitioner and the
mother “took the [c]hildren on trips to a drug dealer’s home in the middle of the night,” which
resulted in D.R. having difficulty staying awake at school and being truant.
The month after the children’s in camera interviews, the DHHR filed a petition alleging
that petitioner abused and neglected the children by virtue of drug abuse and exposing them to
domestic violence. Following the preliminary hearing in November of 2019, petitioner tested
positive for marijuana and admitted to abusing the drug. Following a hearing in January of 2020,
petitioner tested positive for marijuana and opiates, telling the court that he abused marijuana daily
and would sometimes take the mother’s prescribed opiates. Petitioner then stipulated to substance
abuse that negatively affected his ability to parent at an adjudicatory hearing in June of 2020. The
circuit court adjudicated petitioner as an abusing parent. Following the hearing, petitioner tested
positive for marijuana and cocaine and admitted to continued substance abuse.
Eventually, the court proceeded to disposition in regard to petitioner. At one hearing in
September of 2020, petitioner and the mother moved for in camera testimony of the children and
submitted questions to be asked. The court deferred ruling on this motion. It does not appear that
a ruling ever issued, although it is undisputed that the children did not provide in camera testimony
following the motion.
In its dispositional order, the court took judicial notice of several related proceedings,
including the guardianship proceedings, and cited to portions of the children’s in camera testimony
that was relevant to the abuse and neglect at issue. The circuit court also considered the fact that
petitioner admitted to ongoing substance abuse, tested positive for drugs several times during the
proceedings, and denied that he engaged in domestic violence or suffered from a substance abuse
problem that impacted his ability to parent the children. However, the court found that whether
petitioner and the mother “perpetrated domestic violence upon one another or upon the [c]hildren
is ultimately of no consequence” because “[t]he overriding problem in this case is unrelenting drug
use.” According to the circuit court, despite having stipulated to substance abuse that negatively
impacted his parenting, petitioner claimed that he either had no drug problem or that his use of
drugs was not a problem. Because of petitioner’s unwillingness to admit that he had a problem and
his “utter lack of insight into [his] actions,” the court found that there was no reasonable likelihood
that he could substantially correct the conditions of abuse and neglect and that termination of his
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parental rights was necessary for the children’s welfare. Therefore, the court terminated
petitioner’s parental rights. 3 It is from the circuit court’s dispositional order that petitioner appeals.
The Court has previously established the following standard of review:
“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether such
child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a reviewing
court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there
is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left
with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. However,
a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply because it would have decided
the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if the circuit court’s account of the
evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In
Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223, 470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).
Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).
On appeal, petitioner first argues that the circuit court erred in relying on in camera
testimony taken during the guardianship proceeding in reaching its decision to terminate his
parental rights. 4 It is important to note, however, that petitioner’s counsel prepared and joined in
a joint order for the circuit court to consolidate the abuse and neglect matter with several other
proceedings, including the prior guardianship proceeding in which the court took the testimony at
issue. As such, petitioner has waived his right to argue that the circuit court was precluded from
considering any evidence introduced in that prior matter. See Noble, 223 W. Va. at 821, 679 S.E.2d
at 653.
To the extent that petitioner argues that the court should have granted his motion to take
additional in camera testimony from the children, we find no error. According to petitioner, the
circuit court’s reliance on that prior testimony violated his due process rights because it was taken
3
All parents’ parental rights were terminated below, with the exception of the father of L.K.
According to respondents, the matter against him was dismissed but he was unable to assume
custody of the child because of health issues. The permanency plan for the children is either
adoption or legal guardianship with the maternal grandparents.
4
In support of this assignment of error, petitioner also asserts that the petition was somehow
deficient because it relied on facts taken from the in camera testimony in setting forth the DHHR’s
allegations against him. We note, however, that petitioner not only failed to challenge the
sufficiency of the petition below, he actively stipulated to his adjudication. As such, he has waived
this issue on appeal, and we decline to address it. Noble v. W. Va. Dep’t of Motor Vehicles, 223
W. Va. 818, 821, 679 S.E.2d 650, 653 (2009) (“‘Our general rule is that nonjurisdictional questions
. . . raised for the first time on appeal, will not be considered.’ Shaffer v. Acme Limestone Co., Inc.,
206 W.Va. 333, 349 n. 20, 524 S.E.2d 688, 704 n. 20 (1999).”).
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at a time when he was not represented by counsel and was unable to participate. We find that no
such violation occurred because the plain language of Rule 8(a) of the West Virginia Rules of
Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings did not require the children to testify again.
According to that rule,
there shall be a rebuttable presumption that the potential psychological harm to the
child outweighs the necessity of the child’s testimony and the court shall exclude
this testimony if the potential psychological harm to the child outweighs the
necessity of the child’s testimony. Further, the court may exclude the child’s
testimony if (A) the equivalent evidence can be procured through other reasonable
efforts; (B) the child’s testimony is not more probative on the issue than the other
forms of evidence presented; and (C) the general purposes of these rules and the
interest of justice will best be served by the exclusion of the child’s testimony.
The record here is clear that the children were not required to testify anew because the equivalent
evidence was available through the transcript of their prior in camera interviews. While petitioner
alleges that due process required that his attorney be permitted to submit questions for the children,
this argument ignores one important point: counsel is only permitted to submit questions under
Rule 8(b) after the circuit court determines that in camera testimony is necessary under Rule 8(a).
It is true that Rule 8(b) provides that “[t]he parties’ attorneys shall be allowed to attend such
interviews, except when the court determines that the presence of attorneys will be especially
intimidating to the child witness” and that “[w]hether or not the parties’ attorneys are permitted to
attend the in camera interview, they may submit interview questions and/or topics for
consideration by the court.” What petitioner fails to recognize, however, is that Rule 8(a) gives the
court discretion to refuse to force a child to testify, which it properly exercised below. As such,
petitioner never had a right to submit questions for the children to answer, as he alleges on appeal.
Even more importantly, the record shows that the evidence petitioner sought to introduce
lacked any probative value. On appeal, petitioner alleges that, because the DHHR based its entire
case on the children’s testimony in the prior proceeding, the only way he could defend himself in
the abuse and neglect proceedings was by questioning the children. This is not the argument
petitioner advanced below. At the hearing in September of 2020, counsel for the mother explained
that she
made another motion this week, joint with counsel [for petitioner], for that in-
camera testimony to be taken. I believe the children are here today to give that
testimony. That would be for the limited purpose of, basically, an improvement
period, meaning, you know, do they want to maintain a relationship with my client
moving forward?
Counsel for petitioner made it clear that he joined with the mother’s motion. The children’s
guardian, however, correctly pointed out that the probative value of this testimony could not
outweigh the presumed harm to the children, especially considering that the guardian had
repeatedly expressed that N.R. and L.K. wanted to see their mother but were afraid of petitioner.
The guardian also indicated that he spoke with D.R. again the day before the hearing and that “he
does want contact.” Given that the guardian was willing to stipulate to the limited facts that
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petitioner and the mother sought to establish through additional in camera testimony, it is clear
that the same was unnecessary. As such, we find no error in the circuit court’s refusal to grant
petitioner’s motion to require such testimony.
Finally, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in permitting the children to remain in
the maternal grandmother’s home after evidence established “referrals of substantiated abuse and
neglect against her own children” and that such placement was not in the children’s best interests.
In short, we find it unnecessary to address this argument because it entitles petitioner to no relief.
Indeed, in his brief to this Court petitioner fails to explain how this alleged error in any way affects
his position. Even if this Court were to assume that petitioner is correct that the maternal
grandmother is not a fit permanent placement for the children, the fact remains that this does
nothing to undermine the termination of petitioner’s parental rights. We find, however, that the
record does not support petitioner’s assertion that either maternal grandparent is unfit to care for
the children. On the contrary, the circuit court heard extensive testimony in this regard in both the
guardianship proceeding and the resulting abuse and neglect proceeding. Petitioner primarily
predicates his argument on testimony from the mother, who accused the maternal grandmother of
engaging in abuse and neglect when the mother was a child. However, the record shows that the
mother consented to the maternal grandparents caring for the children earlier in the guardianship
proceedings. The circuit court also heard evidence of the DHHR’s substantiation of abuse and/or
neglect in the grandmother’s home many years ago in making its decision. Ultimately, petitioner’s
arguments in support of this assignment of error come down to credibility determinations that we
decline to disturb on appeal. State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 669 n.9, 461 S.E.2d 163, 175 n.9
(1995) (“An appellate court may not decide the credibility of witnesses or weigh evidence as that
is the exclusive function and task of the trier of fact.”). As such, petitioner is entitled to no relief.
For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its
January 19, 2021, order is hereby affirmed.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: June 22, 2021
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice John A. Hutchison
Justice William R. Wooton
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