John M. v. Linda M.

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
John M.,
Respondent Below, Petitioner FILED
June 16, 2017
vs) No. 16-0534 (Kanawha County 09-D-2433) RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Linda M.,
Petitioner Below, Respondent
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner John M. (“petitioner husband”), by counsel Shawn D. Bayliss, appeals the
Circuit Court of Kanawha County’s February 4, 2016, order affirming the Family Court of
Kanawha County’s October 23, 2015, order dividing marital portions of petitioner’s retirement
accounts. Respondent Linda M. (“respondent wife”), by counsel Mark W. Kelley, filed a
response in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal, petitioner husband argues that (1) the
lower courts erred in finding that the parties’ Property Settlement Agreement (“PSA”) is
unambiguous as to the division of petitioner’s retirement accounts, and (2) alternatively, if this
Court finds no ambiguity, the lower courts erred in allocating respondent wife portions of each of
petitioner’s retirement accounts under the PSA’s unambiguous language.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the order of the circuit court is appropriate under
Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
The parties married in May of 1996 and divorced in 2010.1 A final divorce order was
entered in the Family Court of Kanawha County, West Virginia, which adopted the parties’ PSA.
In paragraph 13A, the PSA provides as follows:
Husband and Wife shall each retain as their sole and separate property all
retirement accounts held prior to the marriage in their sole and separate name, and
will divide 50/50 via Qualified Domestic Relations Order any interest in any
retirement account held which was acquired between the date of the marriage and
the date of separation.
While this paragraph (entered into in 2010) references a QDRO, no QDRO was entered in this
case until 2015. The parties’ financial statements filed during the divorce proceedings listed the
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The parties had one child together, who is now of the age of majority.
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following retirement accounts: (1) respondent wife’s IRA/SEP accounts in the amount of
$2504.55; (2) petitioner husband’s 401K/403B accounts in the amount of approximately
$262,000; and (3) petitioner husband’s IRA/SEP accounts in the amount of approximately
$50,000. The parties agree that petitioner husband currently has three retirement accounts, one of
which is apparently from his current employer, but that only two of those three accounts are at
issue in this appeal.2
In February of 2015, respondent wife filed a motion to modify child support. Petitioner
husband moved for additional discovery on the child support issue. His discovery motion
provided that additional discovery “is necessary for the [family] [c]ourt to fairly and accurately
calculate child support herein, and to approve qualified domestic relations order(s) allocating
each party their respective portion of the other’s account(s).” Respondent wife contested the need
for discovery, but agreed that a court may need to enter “outstanding qualified domestic relations
orders.”
In March of 2015, the family court granted petitioner husband’s motion for additional
discovery, in part, by permitting the “[u]tilization of [i]nterrogatories . . . limited to the [w]itness
[d]isclosure and information requests necessary for the preparation of [q]ualified [d]omestic
[r]elations [o]rders.” Thereafter, petitioner husband filed a response to the motion to modify
child support in which he asked that respondent wife be ordered to “disclose all of her
retirement, stocks [sic], pension and 401k accounts with supporting documentation[.]”
In April of 2015, the family court held a hearing on the motion to modify child support.
At that hearing, the parties expressed their intent to enter a settlement of the child support claims.
By subsequent order, in addition to resolving the child support issue, the family court ordered the
parties to “exchange all pertinent information, records [sic] regarding to [sic] their respective
retirement, stock, pension, 401k, SEP, [and] defined[-] contribution plans within thirty (30) days
of entry of this order.”
In July of 2015, respondent wife filed a motion for contempt. In her motion, she asserted
that petitioner husband failed to comply with the family court’s order to exchange account
information.3 Petitioner husband responded that he provided respondent wife with partial account
information but had a medical issue that delayed his ability to receive all pertinent records.
2
Without citing to the record on appeal and without stating any dollar amounts, petitioner
husband now asserts that he had the following three retirement accounts at the time of the final
hearing in their divorce proceedings: (1) petitioner husband’s “defined[-]benefit account from
Union Carbide”; (2) petitioner husband’s “defined[-]contribution account from Union Carbide”;
and (3) petitioner husband’s “defined[-]contribution account acquired from his current
employer[.]” Respondent wife agrees with petitioner husband’s assessment and states that only
the two of those accounts are at issue in this appeal. She admits that the retirement account from
petitioner husband’s current employer has no marital component.
3
Child support issues were also alleged, but are irrelevant to this appeal.
2
In September of 2015, on the day of the contempt hearing, petitioner husband filed a
motion to dismiss the contempt proceeding. In his motion to dismiss, he argued that the language
of paragraph 13A of the PSA precluded respondent wife from receiving “any portion of his
Union Carbide pension account” because it was “acquired” prior to the marriage.4 Noting that he
may be entitled to a portion of respondent wife’s retirement account, he requested that the parties
simply maintain their separate retirement accounts and that the action be dismissed.
At the hearing, petitioner husband testified that he had three retirement accounts: (1) a
defined-benefit account from Union Carbide; (2) a defined-contribution account from Union
Carbide; and (3) a defined-contribution account from his current employer.5 He produced
documentation in support thereof. It appears from the record on appeal that petitioner husband
argued that the PSA was ambiguous and should be construed to exclude any division of his
defined-benefit account from Union Carbide because it was acquired prior to the marriage.
By final order entered on October 23, 2015, the family court found that petitioner
husband was not in contempt of court because he produced account records as directed (albeit at
the contempt hearing). Further, the family court found that the “language in the property
settlement agreement could only be deemed ambiguous if read in a perverse manner, is in fact
not ambiguous and is consistent with West Virginia law regarding the recognition that pension
benefits which between [sic] the date of marriage and date of separation constitute marital
assets.”
Based on these findings, the family court concluded that respondent wife could claim an
interest in petitioner husband’s defined-benefit accounts from Union Carbide “based upon the
standard coverture factor.” The family court further concluded that petitioner husband’s
“defined-contribution plan is wholly marital and [respondent wife] is entitled to 50% of the value
of that plan.” The motions for contempt and to dismiss were denied, and the parties were ordered
to divide petitioner husband’s retirement accounts.
Petitioner husband appealed the family court’s final order to the circuit court. In his
appeal, he argued that the family court erred in (1) finding that he refused to provide
documentation of his retirement accounts; (2) finding that the PSA language was unambiguous
and was consistent with West Virginia law; (3) allocating respondent wife any portion of his
retirement accounts; and (4) increasing respondent wife’s attorney’s fees from $250 to $500.
Respondent wife filed a response in support of the family court’s order.
By final order entered on February 4, 2016, the circuit court affirmed the family court’s
October 23, 2015, order. The circuit court found that the family court (1) did not find that
petitioner husband refused to provide documentation of his retirement accounts, as he claimed in
his appeal; (2) committed no error in finding that the PSA language was unambiguous and was
consistent with West Virginia law and in allocating respondent wife a portion of his retirement
accounts; and (3) committed no error in increasing the attorney’s fee award from the stated
4
The motion references only one retirement account, not two.
5
No transcript or video of the contempt hearing was included in the appendix record.
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amount at the hearing of $250 to the amount of $500 in the final, written order. With regard to
the PSA, the circuit court noted that petitioner husband had previously sought discovery
specifically for the purpose of dividing retirement accounts and had waited until the “last
possible moment” on the day of the contempt hearing to argue that the PSA excluded such
division. The circuit court also noted, as had the family court, that the parties briefly mentioned
retirement accounts at the final divorce hearing, but that the parties and court agreed at that time
to address the issue through QDROs, which was not done. For those reasons, the circuit court
concluded that petitioner was not entitled to relief. This appeal followed.
We have explained that
[i]n reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge upon a review
of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a family court judge, we review the
findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous
standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion
standard. We review questions of law de novo.
Syllabus, Carr v. Hancock, 216 W.Va. 474, 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004).
On appeal, petitioner husband first argues that the lower courts erred in finding that the
PSA was unambiguous. As noted above, the relevant portion of the PSA provides as follows:
Husband and Wife shall each retain as their sole and separate property all
retirement accounts held prior to the marriage in their sole and separate name, and
will divide 50/50 via Qualified Domestic Relations Order any interest in any
retirement account held which was acquired between the date of the marriage and
the date of separation.
Petitioner husband argues that the language “any interest in any retirement account held which
was acquired between the date of the marriage and the date of separation” is ambiguous. We
have held that “[t]he mere fact that parties do not agree to the construction of a contract does not
render it ambiguous. The question as to whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law to
be determined by the court.” Syl. Pt. 1, Berkeley Cty. Pub. Serv. Dist. v. Vitro Corp. of Am., 152
W.Va. 252, 162 S.E.2d 189 (1968). Generally, “[c]ontract language is considered ambiguous
where an agreement’s terms are inconsistent on their face or where the phraseology can support
reasonable differences of opinion as to the meaning of words employed and obligations
undertaken.” Syl. Pt. 6, State ex rel. Frazier & Oxley, L.C. v. Cummings, 212 W.Va. 275, 569
S.E.2d 796 (2002).
Although somewhat unclear from his brief, petitioner husband appears to argue that the
use of the term “acquired” may apply to the term “interest” (to “divide 50/50 . . . any interest . . .
acquired” during the marriage) or to the term “account” (to “divide 50/50 . . . any . . . account . . .
acquired” during the marriage). Petitioner husband appears to argue that the alleged ambiguity
should be construed against respondent wife, whose attorney drafted the PSA in 2010. See Lee v.
Lee, 228 W.Va. 483, 487, 721 S.E.2d 53, 57 (2011) (stating that “ambiguous terms should be
construed against the party who drafted the document”).
4
Respondent wife counters that the PSA is clearly unambiguous. She claims that the
PSA’s language merely restated the law in this State that interest in retirement accounts is
subject to division, if that interest was acquired during the marriage. See W.Va. Code § 48-1-233
(providing that “‘[m]arital property’ means: [a]ll property and earnings acquired by either spouse
during a marriage, including every valuable right and interest”); Cross v. Cross, 178 W.Va. 563,
363 S.E.2d 449 (1987) (holding that pension plan earned during marriage is marital asset subject
to division under statutory definition). Respondent wife also asserts that petitioner husband
ignores the PSA’s use of the phrase “any interest in[,]” which would be rendered superfluous
under his argument. We agree.
The language of the PSA at issue herein contains two clauses attached by a conjunction.
The first clause allows each party to retain retirement accounts held prior to the marriage. The
second clause provides for the division of “any interest” in retirement accounts if that interest
was acquired between the date of the marriage and the separation. The ambiguity petitioner
husband reads into this passage requires the phrase “any interest” to be ignored and rendered
superfluous. As such, we find no merit to petitioner’s first assignment of error.
Petitioner husband’s second ground for appeal is that, if the language in the PSA is
unambiguous, then the lower courts failed to apply it as written. We have held that
“[a] valid written instrument which expresses the intent of the parties in plain and
unambiguous language is not subject to judicial construction or interpretation but
will be applied and enforced according to such intent.” Syllabus Point 1, Cotiga
Development Co. v. United Fuel Gas Co., 147 W.Va. 484, 128 S.E.2d 626 (1962).
Syl. Pt. 3, Estate of Tawney v. Columbia Nat. Res., L.L.C., 219 W.Va. 266, 633 S.E.2d 22
(2006).
Petitioner husband claims that the PSA “means what is says, that all accounts held prior
to the marriage were to be retained by [that] party to be their sole and separate property.”
However, we find that petitioner husband’s argument, again, ignores the language included in the
second clause that “any interest” is to be divided, if acquired during the marriage. Having
reviewed the parties’ arguments, the record, and the legal authority, we find no error in the lower
courts’ finding that petitioner’s retirement accounts (which undisputedly acquired interest during
the marriage) were subject to division under the clear language of the PSA.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: June 16, 2017
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CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Allen H. Loughry II
Justice Robin Jean Davis
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Menis E. Ketchum
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
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