In re K.C., G.C., and K.P.

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
In re K.C., G.C., and K.P. May 24, 2019
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
No. 18-1111 (Hampshire County 18-JA-04, 18-JA-05, and 18-JA-06) OF WEST VIRGINIA
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Mother H.C., by counsel Jeremy B. Cooper, appeals the Circuit Court of
Hampshire County’s August 30, 2018, order terminating her parental rights to the children.1 The
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel Lee
Niezgoda, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem
(“guardian”), Joyce E. Stewart, filed a response on behalf of the children in support of the circuit
court’s order. On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in finding clear and
convincing evidence that she abused and neglected the children and in terminating her parental
rights without first granting her an improvement period.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these
reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
On January 19, 2018, the DHHR filed an abuse and neglect petition alleging that
petitioner’s boyfriend, C.S., sexually abused K.C. The DHHR further alleged petitioner refused
to believe K.C.’s disclosures that she was sexually abused by C.S. and failed to protect the
children from sexual abuse. Additionally, the DHHR alleged that petitioner abused substances
and engaged in domestic violence with C.S. in the children’s presence.
On February 12, 2018, the circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing during which
petitioner stipulated to some, but not all, of the allegations of abuse and neglect. Petitioner
admitted that there was substance use and domestic violence in the home and that she failed to
1
Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.
Va. 254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W. Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419
(2013); State v. Brandon B., 218 W. Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles
L., 183 W. Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
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protect the children. Petitioner also admitted that K.C. had been sexually abused by her previous
stepfather, T.C. However, petitioner made no admission that K.C. had been sexually abused by
C.S. Over the course of two hearings, the circuit court heard evidence in support of the DHHR’s
allegations including a video recording of K.C.’s forensic interview, during which she disclosed
that C.S. sexually abused her thirteen to fourteen times between August of 2017 and December
of 2017.2 Heather Carr, a DHHR investigative worker, testified that she substantiated the sexual
abuse based on K.C.’s forensic interview during which the child disclosed that C.S. fondled her
both over and under her clothes and put his fingers inside of her vagina on one occasion.
Additionally, Ms. Carr testified that the forensic interviewer found the child’s disclosures to be
credible. Lastly, Ms. Carr testified that when she spoke to petitioner about the child’s
disclosures, petitioner became “incredibly angry” and called her daughter a liar. Petitioner also
suggested to Ms. Carr that K.C. and G.C. be sent to live with relatives so that she and C.S. could
raise their child, K.P., together as a family.
Trooper Jeremy Carson also investigated K.C.’s allegations against C.S. and found the
allegations to be credible. Trooper Carson testified that many of the child’s disclosures regarding
substance abuse and domestic violence were corroborated by evidence found when executing a
search warrant at the home. Trooper Carson further testified that C.S. voluntarily submitted to an
interview and initially denied sexually abusing K.C., but eventually admitted that it was possible
that his hand may have accidentally slipped into K.C.’s vaginal area while he was tickling the
child. Finally, Trooper Carson testified that based on his investigation, he charged C.S.
criminally with sexual assault; sexual abuse; and sexual abuse by a parent, guardian, or
custodian.
Petitioner testified that she did not believe K.C.’s allegations of sexual abuse by C.S. She
defended C.S. and stated that he and K.C. were never alone and hypothesized that K.C.
fabricated the allegations so that she could spend more time with petitioner or live with her
grandmother and switch schools. Petitioner also explained that she and C.S. no longer lived
together, but if not for the conditions of his criminal bond and the pendency of the abuse and
neglect proceeding, they would still be living together.
On May 17, 2018, the circuit court issued the order adjudicating petitioner as an abusing
parent. The circuit court found that petitioner exposed the children to substance abuse and
domestic violence in the home and failed to protect K.C. from sexual abuse by C.S. The circuit
court also found that K.C.’s disclosures regarding the sexual abuse were credible and
corroborated by other evidence. The circuit court further found that petitioner minimized the
domestic violence and substance abuse in the home and their effects on the children. Finally, the
circuit court found that petitioner clearly intended to continue her relationship with C.S. despite
the fact that he was adjudicated for sexually abusing her child.
On July 23, 2018, the circuit court held a dispositional hearing and petitioner moved for a
post-adjudicatory improvement period. The DHHR and guardian both moved for the termination
of petitioner’s parental rights. A DHHR caseworker recommended that petitioner’s parental
2
The child also made detailed disclosures regarding domestic violence and substance
abuse in the home.
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rights be terminated due to her denial of K.C.’s sexual abuse. The caseworker explained that
petitioner’s denial of the sexual abuse made the remediation of the issue impossible. Petitioner
testified that she continued a relationship with C.S. and refused to believe that he abused K.C.
In its dispositional order, the circuit court found that K.C.’s forensic interview revealed
“extremely and profoundly specific and detailed disclosures by said child regarding the sexual
abuse perpetrated upon her” by C.S. and that the child’s disclosures were credible. The circuit
court noted petitioner’s theories about why K.C. would fabricate allegations of sexual abuse. The
circuit court found it “troubling and deeply concerning that this parent would assume that her
child would readily fabricate allegations of sexual abuse especially in light of the evidence
before this Court which [petitioner] has witnessed and observed first hand.” In light of
petitioner’s failure to acknowledge the sexual abuse, the circuit court found that petitioner’s
“protective capacities are so severely compromised and/or non-existent at this juncture as to
render any case plan, improvement period, etc. designed to remedy the conditions of abuse or
neglect to be futile.” Accordingly, the circuit court found no reasonable likelihood that petitioner
could substantially correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the near future and that the
termination of her parental rights was in the children’s best interests. The circuit court also
denied petitioner’s motions for a post-adjudicatory improvement period and post-termination
visitation. Ultimately, the circuit court terminated petitioner’s parental rights to the children in its
August 30, 2018, dispositional order.3 It is from this order that petitioner appeals.
The Court has previously established the following standard of review:
“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the
facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).
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K.C.’s father voluntarily relinquished his parental rights. The circuit court terminated the
parental rights of G.C.’s father and K.P.’s father. According to respondents, the permanency plan
for K.C. is to remain in residential treatment to address issues related to sexual abuse until placed
in an adoptive home. The permanency plan for G.C. is adoption by his paternal grandparents and
the permanency plan for K.P. is adoption by his paternal grandparents. Sibling visitation occurs
at K.C.’s treatment center.
.
3
Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W. Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011). Upon our review, this Court
finds no error in the proceedings below.
First, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in finding clear and convincing
evidence that she abused and neglected the children.4 Petitioner suggests that K.C. was motivated
to fabricate the allegations of sexual abuse. She contends that the evidence of abuse and neglect
was “too speculative” to satisfy the clear and convincing evidentiary standard. We disagree.
Based upon our review of the record, we find that the circuit court had sufficient evidence to
adjudicate petitioner as an abusing parent.
We have held that
“[West Virginia Code § 49-4-601(i)], requires the [DHHR], in a child
abuse or neglect case, to prove ‘conditions existing at the time of the filing of the
petition . . . by clear and convincing [evidence].’ The statute, however, does not
specify any particular manner or mode of testimony or evidence by which the
[DHHR] is obligated to meet this burden.” Syllabus Point 1, In Interest of S.C.,
168 W.Va. 366, 284 S.E.2d 867 (1981).
Syl. Pt. 1, In re Joseph A., 199 W. Va. 438, 485 S.E.2d 176 (1997) (citations omitted). This
Court has explained that “‘clear and convincing’ is the measure or degree of proof that will
produce in the mind of the factfinder a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be
established.” In re F.S., 233 W. Va. 538, 546, 759 S.E.2d 769, 777 (2014) (citing Brown v.
Gobble, 196 W. Va. 559, 564, 474 S.E.2d 489, 494 (1996)). However, “the clear and convincing
standard is ‘intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance, but not to the extent of such
certainty as is required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal cases.’” In re F.S., 233 W. Va.
at 546, 759 S.E.2d at 777 (quoting Cramer v. W. Va. Dep’t of Highways, 180 W. Va. 97, 99 n.1,
375 S.E.2d 568, 570 n.1 (1988)).
Here, petitioner admitted to substance abuse and domestic violence in the home, although
the circuit court found that she minimized those issues and their effects on the children. Further,
the DHHR presented substantial evidence regarding C.S.’s sexual abuse of K.C. The child’s
forensic interview was admitted into evidence and showed that the child disclosed specific
details regarding the sexual abuse. The circuit court noted that K.C.’s forensic interview revealed
“extremely and profoundly specific and detailed disclosures by [the] child regarding the sexual
abuse perpetrated upon her.” The circuit court found that the child’s disclosures of the sexual
abuse by C.S. were credible and corroborated by other evidence. However, the record shows that
petitioner refused to believe the child’s disclosures and wished to continue a relationship with
4
Petitioner also argues in support of this assignment of error that while C.S. was arrested
and charged with sexually abusing K.C., the State failed to present his case to a grand jury for
multiple terms. Petitioner fails to provide any legal authority or citation to the record in support
of this argument in violation of Rule 10(c)(7) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure
which provides that the “[b]rief must contain an argument exhibiting clearly the points of fact
and law presented . . . and citing the authorities relied on.” Further, the “argument must contain
appropriate and specific citations to the record on appeal, including citations that pinpoint when
and how the issues in the assignments of error were presented to the lower tribunal.” Id.
Therefore, we decline to address this argument.
4
C.S., despite the evidence that he sexually abused K.C. Petitioner testified that she believed that
K.C. fabricated the allegations and even suggested sending K.C. and G.C. to live with relatives
so that she and C.S. could raise their child, K.P., together. Based on this evidence, we find no
error in the circuit court’s adjudication of petitioner as an abusing parent.
Next, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her parental rights
without first granting her an improvement period. Petitioner asserts that the termination of her
parental rights was “primarily and substantially centered upon her disbelief of K.C.’s
accusations.” Petitioner reiterates her argument that the circuit court lacked sufficient evidence to
find that C.S. sexually abused K.C. However, as discussed above, the circuit court found the
child’s disclosures regarding the sexual abuse to be credible and determined that sufficient
evidence was presented to find that C.S. sexually abused K.C. and petitioner abused and
neglected the children.
West Virginia Code § 49-4-610(2)(B) provides that the circuit court may grant a parent a
post-adjudicatory improvement period when the parent “demonstrates, by clear and convincing
evidence, that the [parent] is likely to fully participate in the improvement period.” We have held
that “West Virginia law allows the circuit court discretion in deciding whether to grant a parent
an improvement period.” In re M.M., 236 W. Va. 108, 115, 778 S.E.2d 338, 345 (2015). Also,
we have held that
[i]n order to remedy the abuse and/or neglect problem, the problem must first be
acknowledged. Failure to acknowledge the existence of the problem, i.e., the truth
of the basic allegation pertaining to the alleged abuse and neglect or the
perpetrator of said abuse and neglect, results in making the problem untreatable
and in making an improvement period an exercise in futility at the child’s
expense.
In re Timber M., 231 W. Va. 44, 55, 743 S.E.2d 352, 363 (2013) (quoting In re: Charity H., 215
W. Va. 208, 217, 599 S.E.2d 631, 640 (2004)). Other than her self-serving testimony that she
would comply with the terms and conditions of an improvement period if granted one, petitioner
failed to present any other evidence to demonstrate that she would fully participate in an
improvement period. As discussed above, petitioner failed to acknowledge that C.S. sexually
abused K.C. and, even on appeal, contends that the child was motivated to fabricate the
allegations of sexual abuse. Based upon her vehement denial of the sexual abuse, despite the
evidence to corroborate the allegations, it is clear that granting petitioner a post-adjudicatory
improvement period would have been futile. The circuit court specifically noted in its
dispositional order that petitioner’s “protective capacities are so severely compromised and/or
non-existent at this juncture as to render any case plan, improvement period, etc. designed to
remedy the conditions of abuse or neglect to be futile.” Petitioner also minimized the substance
abuse and domestic violence issues and their effects on the children. Therefore, we find no error
in the circuit court’s denial of petitioner’s motion for a post-adjudicatory improvement period.
The evidence discussed above also supports the termination of petitioner’s parental
rights. West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6) provides that circuit courts are to terminate parental
rights upon findings that there is “no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse
can be substantially corrected in the near future” and that termination is necessary for the
children’s welfare. West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(3) provides that a situation in which there
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is no reasonable likelihood the conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected
includes one in which the abusing parent has
not responded to or followed through with a reasonable family case plan or other
rehabilitative efforts of social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative
agencies designed to reduce or prevent the abuse or neglect of the child, as
evidenced by the continuation or insubstantial diminution of conditions which
threatened the health, welfare or life of the child.
Id. As discussed, petitioner refuses to acknowledge the issues of abuse and neglect and argues
that K.C. fabricated the allegations of sexual abuse, despite evidence to corroborate the child’s
allegations. Petitioner also continued a relationship with C.S. throughout the proceedings, despite
the circuit court’s finding of sexual abuse. Due to her failure to acknowledge the sexual abuse, it
is clear that there was no reasonable likelihood that petitioner could substantially correct the
issues of abuse and neglect and that the termination of her parental rights was in the children’s
best interests.
Further, while she argues that the circuit court should have granted her a post-
adjudicatory improvement period before terminating her parental rights, we have held that
“[t]ermination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the
statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, [West Virginia
Code § 49-4-604] may be employed without the use of intervening less restrictive
alternatives when it is found that there is no reasonable likelihood under [West
Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)] that conditions of neglect or abuse can be
substantially corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266
S.E.2d 114 (1980).
Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W. Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Therefore, we find no error in
the termination of petitioner’s parental rights.
Lastly, because K.C. has not been placed in an adoptive home because of her
participation in residential treatment, this Court reminds the circuit court of its duty to establish
permanency for the child. Rule 39(b) of the Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect
Proceedings requires:
At least once every three months until permanent placement is achieved as
defined in Rule 6, the court shall conduct a permanent placement review
conference, requiring the multidisciplinary treatment team to attend and report as
to progress and development in the case, for the purpose of reviewing the progress
in the permanent placement of the child.
Further, this Court reminds the circuit court of its duty pursuant to Rule 43 of the Rules of
Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings to find permanent placement for the child
within twelve months of the date of the dispositional order. As this Court has stated,
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[t]he [twelve]-month period provided in Rule 43 of the West Virginia
Rules of Procedure[] for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings for permanent
placement of an abused and neglected child following the final dispositional order
must be strictly followed except in the most extraordinary circumstances which
are fully substantiated in the record.
Cecil T., 228 W. Va. at 91, 717 S.E.2d at 875, syl. pt. 6. Moreover, this Court has stated that
[i]n determining the appropriate permanent out-of-home placement of a
child under [West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6)], the circuit court shall give
priority to securing a suitable adoptive home for the child and shall consider other
placement alternatives, including permanent foster care, only where the court
finds that adoption would not provide custody, care, commitment, nurturing and
discipline consistent with the child’s best interests or where a suitable adoptive
home [cannot] be found.
Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Michael M., 202 W. Va. 350, 504 S.E.2d 177 (1998). Finally, “[t]he guardian
ad litem’s role in abuse and neglect proceedings does not actually cease until such time as the
child is placed in a permanent home.” Syl. Pt. 5, James M. v. Maynard, 185 W. Va. 648, 408
S.E.2d 400 (1991).
For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the decision of the circuit court, and its
August 30, 2018, dispositional order is hereby affirmed.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: May 24, 2019
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison
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