Ellis v. State Road Commission

On Oct. 12, 1925, the State Road Commission revoked a taxi-cab permit (Class H 3) and a chauffeur's license, both of which had been issued to Kyle Mounts of Logan County. Mounts filed a petition in this court charging that the action of the Commission was arbitrary, capricious and illegal. Upon his prayer an alternative writ of mandamus was awarded against the Commission.

In answer to the writ the Commission denied that it acted arbitrarily, etc., because, as was proven at the hearing of the case, Mounts had violated the provisions of the law contained in Sec. 82, Ch. 17, Acts of 1925.

Shortly after the action of the Commission, Mounts was acquitted, in the circuit court of Logan County, of the charge of violating the provisions of Sec. 82, etc. Thereupon he requested the Commission to reinstate his permit and license, but his request was refused.

The evidence taken at the hearing before the Commission shows that the petitioner operated two taxi-cabs. He drove one taxi in person and employed Leslie Gee to operate the other. About Aug. 1925, passengers were received on each of petitioner's taxis at places within 100 feet of a regularly designated stop of the Logan Bus Company. The latter had a permit to operate vehicles over a fixed route from Logan to Omar, and had established regular stops on this route. At the time of the occurrence complained of, petitioner announced, "Here is a car going to Omar." No evidence was offered before the Commission in palliation of this act.

The provision of Sec. 82, etc., violated is:

"Provided, however, that vehicles operating under Class H-3 may receive passengers along routes for which a certificate of convenience has been granted, but not at or within two hundred feet of any building owned or maintained as a designated stop."

The penalty for a breach of this mandate is contained in the following extract from Sec. 82, Ch. 17 as amended by the Acts of 1925.

"Any person violating any of the provisions of this section or the rules and regulations regularly adopted by the State Road Commission as authorized herein, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished with a fine of not less than Five Dollars nor more than Two Hundred Dollars, and in addition thereto such certificate of convenience may be suspended or revoked by the State Road Commission upon the complaint to it of any person interested or by the Commission on its own motion, after hearing duly had upon at least five days' notice to all parties interested."

There are two questions to be answered in this case. (1) Can the Commission revoke a certificate of convenience because of a violation of the statute until there has been a conviction therefor in a court authorized to try misdemeanors? (2) Is the revocation of the chauffeur's license because of such violation arbitrary or illegal?

(1) An analysis of the statute shows that for its violation a two-fold punishment is provided. One part of this punishment is in personam, by a fine imposed in a regular criminal proceeding, where the offense must be established beyond all reasonable doubt. The other part of the punishment is in rem, by revocation of a permit, upon a hearing before the Commission, where it is requisite that the offense be established by only a preponderance of the evidence. There is nothing novel about legislation providing a fine (or fine and imprisonment) and also a forfeiture or penalty. But our statute is unique in that the hearing, in re the revocation of a permit, is had before a Commission instead of before a court. Yet there can be no doubt as to the intention of the Legislature in this respect. The statute prior to its amendment in 1925 was:

"Any person violating any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished with a fine of not less than $5.00, nor more than $200.00, and in addition thereto such permit may be revoked or the license taken away by the commission, or other licensing authority having jurisdiction thereof."

Comparison of the amended statute with the statute before amendment shows that the sole purpose of the amendment was to provide for a hearing before the Commission. A "hearing" includes the introduction of evidence, the argument of counsel, and the pronouncement of the decree. Babcock v. Wolf, 70 Iowa 676. Therefore the hearing before the Commission contemplated by the Legislature is a complete trial of the in rem proceeding. Why should the Legislature have provided such a hearing if it is a nullity unless preceded by a conviction in a criminal case? Those who oppose independent action by the Commission say that a complete trial is not to be had at such hearing; that the Legislature intended for the Commission to await the conviction of an offender in a criminal court, no matter how long the delay, and then to try the convicted one a little bit, in fact just enough for the Commission to determine whether the violation be of such character as to warrant revocation of the offender's permit. This view overlooks the fact that the character of the offence could be ascertained by the Commission from the criminal proceeding and a hearing for that purpose alone would therefore be bootless. It also ignores the congestion and dangers of our highways and the necessity, patent to the Legislature, of providing a summary treatment of those who hinder or endanger travel thereon. The personal punishment of the offender can await the slow course of criminal procedure, but the welfare and safety of the public demand that the right to use our highways be speedily taken from those who abuse this privilege. There are no words in the statute limiting or modifying the word "hearing". Why seek in conjecture to supply words of limitation, the effect of which would be to hamper the efficiency of the Commission, to inconvenience and possibly endanger the public, and to delay justice? The Commission is composed of men carefully selected for their judgment and integrity. Its members are sworn to the faithful performance of their duties. Are they not as well qualified as the average jury to weigh the evidence of an alleged violation of the road law? If their discretion is sufficient to pass on the gravity of the offence, as suggested, then it is also sufficient to ascertain whether a violation has in fact occurred.

Another objection advanced to the right of the Commission to take the initiative in this case, is that the permit is a valuable property right, no appeal from the decision of the Commission is provided in the amended statute, the Commission is composed of men not necessarily learned in legal procedure, and the Legislature could not have intended to confer on these men independent authority in such an important matter, else an appeal would have been provided. But the sponsors of this argument have overlooked the express provisions of Secs. 2 and 3, Ch. 110, Code. "In every case, matter or proceeding — before a county court, council of a city, town or village, justice or other tribunal, the record or proceeding may after a judgment or final order therein — be removed by a writ of certiorari to the circuit court of the county in which such judgment was rendered or order made." Sec. 2, Ch. 110, Code. "Upon the hearing, such circuit court shall, in addition to determining such questions as might have been determined upon a certiorari, as the law heretofore was, review such judgment, order or proceedings, of the county court, council, justice or other inferior tribunal upon the merits, determine all questions arising on the law and evidence, and render such judgment or make such order upon the whole matter, as law and justice may require." Sec. 3, Ch. 110, Code. The hearing before the Commission is certainly a proceeding; the determination of the Commission on the hearing is a final order; in the contemplation of the Legislature the Commission is an inferiortribunal; therefore the remedy for any error in legal procedure or mistake in judgment by the Commission on such hearing, is at hand in our statutory enlargment of certiorari. R. R. Co. v.Town of Triadelphia, 58 W. Va. 487.

The leading case in the United States as to whether thein rem proceeding is dependent on the one in personam is that of The Palmyra, 12 Wheat. 1. The opinion written by Mr. Justice Story contains the following unequivocal statement:

"Many cases exist, where the forfeiture for acts done attaches solely in rem, and there is no accompanying penalty in personam. Many cases exist where there is both a forfeiture in rem and a personal penalty. But in neither class of cases has it ever been decided that the prosecutions were dependent on each other. But the practice has been and so this court understands the law to be, that the proceeding in rem stands independent of and wholly unaffected by any criminal proceeding in personam. This doctrine is deduced from a fair interpretation of the legislative intention apparent upon its enactments."

In the century that has passed since the decision in thePalmyra case the authorities cite no dissent from the principles announced therein, and only one departure from their application. 25 C. J. 1186, par. 93, and cases cited. In the case of Tissot v. Dubuclet et at 33 Lou. Ann. 703 it was held that a conviction in a criminal proceeding was a condition precedent to the recovery of a penalty provided by a certain Louisiana statute. No authority is cited and no reason given in the opinion for the decision except "the plain terms of those statutory provisions." The Louisiana statute is different from the West Virginia statute. Consequently that case is of little weight in the present consideration.

It is contended for petitioner that the words "in addition thereto" in our statute necessarily imply increase, accession, or augmentation; that for a punishment to be increased it must already exist in part; and that hence a fine must have been imposed before the punishment can be augmented by a revocation of the permit. The construction placed by petitioner on the phrase in question is opposed by the weight of authority. InPeople v. Snyder, 86 N.Y.S. 415, the statute there under consideration prohibited the burning of fallows during certain periods of the year and provided that any one violating the statute should be guilty of a misdemeanor. "And in addition thereto is liable for a penalty." But it was held that the two actions provided by the statute were "not at all dependent upon each other." The syllabus which exactly follows the Palmyra case is: "Where a statute punishes an act as a misdemeanor and also imposes a penalty therefor it is not necessary to obtain a conviction before sueing for the penalty."

Origet v. U.S. 125 U.S. 240, was an in rem proceeding brought to enforce the forfeiture of certain merchandise seized for a violation of a statute which declared: "That any * * * person, who shall with intent to defraud the revenue, make or attempt to make any entry of imported merchandise, by means * * * of any false statement * * * shall for each offense be fined in any sum not exceeding five thousand dollars nor less than fifty dollars, or be imprisoned for any time not exceeding two years, or both; and in addition to such fine, such merchandise shall be forfeited." It was contended in that case that the forfeiture of the goods was authorized as an incident of the prosecution of an offender by indictment, that the forfeiture could be imposed, only as an addition to a fine already imposed, and that the merchandise could not be forfeited independently of the imposition of the fine. But the Supreme Court held that such a construction of the statute was not proper; that no condition attached to the imposition of the forfeiture; and that the merchandise could be forfeited "independently of the fine mentioned in that statute."

A conclusive decision on the meaning of the words "in addition, etc." is that of Com. v. Avory (Ky.) 29 Am. Rep. 429. That case involved the right of the Commonwealth to recover from the defendant money which he had won on an election bet. The Kentucky statute imposed a fine for making a bet or wager upon an election, to be recovered by indictment, and then continued: "and in addition to the fine aforesaid, if the person winning shall receive the sum of money or other thing so bet, or its value, or anything therefor, the sum of money so received, or the value of the thing else so received shall be forfeited to the Commonwealth and may be recovered by an appropriate action in the name of the Commonwealth" etc. The Kentucky court held that the words "in addition to the fine aforesaid" did not carry with them any sequence or order of time but were synonymous with "also", "moreover", and "likewise"; that if dependence or sequence of the forfeiture on the fine had been intended, the Legislature would have resorted to language ordinarily employed to convey such an idea, and instead of the words "in addition to the fine aforesaid", the statute would have depended the forfeiture on the fine with such words as "after such conviction shall have been made", etc.

The contention is made that our statute conforms to the suggestion in the Kentucky decision, in that it uses the words "upon conviction thereof". But those words in our statute are used solely with reference to the punishment by fine, and have no relation to the revocation of the permit. Those words are implied in the Kentucky statute, as a fine for betting on an election would not be imposed until conviction therefor. If our Legislature had intended to make the revocation dependent on the personal penalty, the statute would have read like this: "shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished with a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, and after such conviction such certificate of convenience may be suspended or revoked," etc.

A Missouri statute awards a husband certain articles "in addition to" curtesy, and a New York statute directs appraisers to set apart for a widow certain things in case her interest in her husband's estate "in addition to" her dower was less in value than one thousand dollars. The words "in addition to" in each of these statutes have been construed equivalent to the word "besides". Ferguson's estate v. Gentry, 206 Mo. 203; In reMulligan's estate, 24 N.Y.S. 321.

We therefore follow the current construction of the words "in addition thereto" and hold that as used in our statute, they are equivalent to "also", "likewise", "besides", etc.

Our answer to the first question in the present case may be expressed in the language of the able brief from the Attorney General's office. "The right given to the Commission to revoke permits is not dependent upon court action. Neither is the authority of the court to make prosecution for violations of the law dependent upon any action by the Commission. There is nothing inherent in the nature of the two proceedings that makes the one dependent upon the other, and such independent relation is in no wise affected by the fact that one precedes the other in the statute."

2. The reason given by the Commission for cancelling petitioner's chauffeur's license is that he had violated the law. The Legislature has not only given to the Commission the general supervision of the construction, maintenance, and control of its highways, but has also given the Commission the specific right to revoke a chauffeur's license "for any causewhich the Commission may deem sufficient." Code, Sec. 84, Ch. 43. To properly serve and protect the public it has been found necessary to pass certain laws regulating the use of the highways by chauffeurs. In order to secure obedience to those laws the Commission may have found it necessary to discipline the offenders. If so, its action was purposed to benefit the public, and cannot be held as arbitrary. Mandamus may not be invoked to control a power of the Commission expressly made discretionary by the statute. County Court v. Holt, 61 W. Va. 154;Buxton v. O'Brien, 97 W. Va. 343.

The facts in the cases of William Ellis and Millard Ellis, respectively, against the Commission vary in detail from those in the Mounts case, but the facts in the three cases are sufficiently similar to subject them to the same principles of law.

The peremptory writ will therefore be refused in each case.

Writs denied.