David Ballard v. Brian Bush Ferguson

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
SEPTEMBER 2013 TERM
_____________ FILED
October 25, 2013
No. 12-1028 released at 3:00 p.m.
_____________ RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
DAVID BALLARD, WARDEN,
MOUNT OLIVE CORRECTIONAL COMPLEX,
Respondent Below, Petitioner
V.
BRIAN BUSH FERGUSON,
Petitioner Below, Respondent
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County
Honorable Phillip D. Gaujot, Judge
Civil Action No. 06-C-202
AFFIRMED
Submitted: October 16, 2013
Filed: October 25, 2013
Marcia Ashdown Darrell Ringer
Prosecuting Attorney The Law Offices of Darrell Ringer
Perri DeChristopher Morgantown, West Virginia
Assistant Prosecutor Paul W. Schmidt
Morgantown, West Virginia Sarah L. Wilson
Attorneys for Petitioner Christian J. Pistilli
Covington & Burling
Washington, District of Columbia
Attorneys for Respondent
JUSTICE DAVIS delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICES WORKMAN and LOUGHRY dissent and reserve the right to file
dissenting opinions.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. A final judgment entered by a circuit court under the provisions of the
West Virginia Post–Conviction Habeas Corpus Act may be appealed by either party under
W. Va. Code § 53–4A–9(a) (1967) (Repl. Vol. 2008)
2. “A trial court lacks jurisdiction to enter a valid judgment of conviction
against an accused who was denied effective assistance of counsel and a judgment so entered
is void.” Syllabus point 25, State v. Thomas, 157 W. Va. 640, 203 S.E.2d 445 (1974).
3. “In the West Virginia courts, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel
are to be governed by the two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984): (1) Counsel’s performance was deficient
under an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have been
different.” Syllabus point 6, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995).
4. “The fulcrum for any ineffective assistance of counsel claim is the
adequacy of counsel’s investigation. Although there is a strong presumption that counsel’s
conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and judicial
scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential, counsel must at a minimum
conduct a reasonable investigation enabling him or her to make informed decisions about
i
how best to represent criminal clients. Thus, the presumption is simply inappropriate if
counsel’s strategic decisions are made after an inadequate investigation.” Syllabus point 3,
State ex rel. Daniel v. Legursky, 195 W. Va. 314, 465 S.E.2d 416 (1995).
ii
Davis, Justice:
This is an appeal of David Ballard, Warden of Mount Olive Correctional
Complex (“the State”), from an order of the Circuit Court of Monongalia County that granted
habeas corpus relief to Brian Bush Ferguson (“Mr. Ferguson”). The State contends that (1)
the circuit court erred in finding that Mr. Ferguson was denied effective assistance of trial
counsel and (2) the circuit court erred in limiting the testimony of one of its expert witnesses
during the habeas corpus proceeding.1 Finding no error in the circuit court’s rulings, we
affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On February 2, 2002, at around 7:00 p.m., Jerry Wilkins was shot in the back
outside his apartment near University Avenue in Morgantown, West Virginia.2 Mr. Wilkins
died in a hospital shortly after the shooting. Within hours of the shooting, the police received
varying descriptions of the assailant from several witnesses.3 The police also learned that
1
The State set out five assignments of error that will be addressed in the
framework of the two issues.
2
Mr. Wilkins was a graduate student at West Virginia University (“WVU”).
3
The witnesses described the assailant as an African-American male, 6' to 6'2"
tall, weighing 180 to 200 lbs., and wearing a dark hooded jacket or sweatshirt and black
pants.
1
Mr. Ferguson4 was a person known to have a grudge against the victim.5 Subsequent to the
investigation by the police, Mr. Ferguson was indicted by a grand jury for first degree
murder.
A jury trial was held in the case in November of 2002. During the trial, the
State called Brian Johnson, a friend of Mr. Ferguson, as a witness. Mr. Johnson testified that,
a few weeks before the murder, he saw a large stainless steel revolver in Mr. Ferguson’s
apartment.6 Mr. Ferguson called it a magnum.7 There was also testimony by Mr. Johnson
that, after the murder , Mr. Ferguson told him that the weapon was “long gone, that police
had no eyewitness to identify the perpetrator and that there was no gunshot residue.”8 Mr.
Johnson also testified that Mr. Ferguson was not with him prior to the murder.9 A friend of
the victim, Solomon Wright, testified that the victim stated shortly before his murder that if
4
At that time, Mr. Ferguson was an undergraduate student at WVU.
5
The grudge was alleged to have centered around the victim’s interest in Mr.
Ferguson’s girlfriend.
6
A witness to the murder described the assailant’s weapon as a long handgun
that was silver in color.
7
The bullet that killed the victim was a .44 caliber magnum bullet. The State
also presented evidence that a .44 caliber magnum casing was found in the trash dumpster
where Mr. Ferguson placed his garbage.
8
The State presented evidence at the trial that gunshot residue was found on
clothing retrieved from Mr. Ferguson on the night of the murder.
9
Mr. Ferguson had informed the police that he was with Mr. Johnson at some
point before the murder.
2
anything happened to him, Mr. Ferguson would be responsible. Another witness, Bernard
Russ, testified that Mr. Ferguson once stated that “I am going to get Jerry when his fraternity
brothers are not around.”10 There also was evidence that suggested Mr. Ferguson was
stalking the victim prior to the murder.11 The State additionally presented evidence that Mr.
Ferguson once threatened the victim with a knife.
Mr. Ferguson testified in his own defense and called several witnesses. One of
Mr. Ferguson’s witnesses, his girlfriend Ebony Gibson, testified that Mr. Ferguson did not
pull a knife on the victim.12 Mr. Ferguson testified that although he did not like the victim,
he never threatened the victim with a knife, nor did he ever indirectly threaten the victim. Mr.
Ferguson testified that he was alone in his apartment during the afternoon on the day that the
victim was killed. Later, he went to a recreation center.13 Mr. Ferguson denied killing the
victim.
10
This statement was made after Mr. Ferguson was thrown out of a party that
was given by the victim’s fraternity.
11
This evidence came in the form of testimony that Mr. Ferguson was seen
parked in the area where the victim lived.
12
The State called a rebuttal witness who testified that Ms. Gibson had told her
that Mr. Ferguson pulled a knife on the victim.
13
The State presented evidence that the recreation center’s data entry showed
that Mr. Ferguson entered the center at 7:39 p.m., and that the center was less than a mile
from where the shooting took place.
3
The jury returned a verdict on November 26, 2002, finding Mr. Ferguson guilty
of murder in the first degree, without a recommendation of mercy. The trial court
subsequently sentenced Mr. Ferguson to prison for life without the possibility of parole. Mr.
Ferguson appealed the verdict to this Court, and we affirmed the judgment in State v.
Ferguson, 216 W. Va. 420, 607 S.E.2d 526 (2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 812, 126 S. Ct.
332, 163 L. Ed. 2d 45 (2005).
Mr. Ferguson filed a petition for habeas relief in March of 2006. By order
dated September 11, 2007, the circuit court summarily dismissed the petition without holding
an omnibus hearing. Mr. Ferguson filed a petition for appeal with this Court. We remanded
the case to the circuit court to hold an omnibus hearing. The circuit court held a three-day
omnibus hearing in September 2011. During the hearing, Mr. Ferguson called two witnesses
who testified that, shortly after the victim was killed, a person named Robert Coles told them
that he had killed the victim. One of the two witnesses, Mary J. Linville, testified that she
gave a statement to the police informing them of Mr. Coles’ confession prior to the trial.
There was evidence that Mr. Ferguson’s trial counsel learned of Ms. Linville’s statement
implicating Mr. Coles through material obtained from the State during discovery. There was
also evidence that trial counsel failed to do an independent investigation of Ms. Linville’s
statement. By order entered August 8, 2012, the circuit court found that Mr. Ferguson was
denied effective assistance of counsel because trial counsel failed to investigate the
confession by Mr. Coles. The order required the State to release Mr. Ferguson if it did not
4
retry him or file an appeal. This State filed this appeal.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In this appeal, we are called upon to review the trial court’s order in a habeas
corpus proceeding. We have held the following regarding the standard of review of such an
order:
In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions
of the circuit court in a habeas corpus action, we apply a
three-prong standard of review. We review the final order and
the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard;
the underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous
standard; and questions of law are subject to a de novo review.
Syl. pt. 1, Mathena v. Haines, 219 W. Va. 417, 633 S.E.2d 771 (2006). See also Syl. pt. 1,
State ex rel. Postelwaite v. Bechtold, 158 W. Va. 479, 212 S.E.2d 69 (1975) (“Findings of
fact made by a trial court in a post-conviction habeas corpus proceeding will not be set aside
or reversed on appeal by this Court unless such findings are clearly wrong.”).
III.
DISCUSSION
In this proceeding, the State has filed an appeal from the circuit court’s
decision granting habeas relief to Mr. Ferguson. Our cases have recognized, and we so hold,
that “[a] final judgment entered by a circuit court under the provisions of the West Virginia
5
Post–Conviction Habeas Corpus Act may be appealed . . . by either party [under W. Va.
Code § 53–4A–9(a) (1967) (Repl. Vol. 2008)].” Coleman v. Brown, 229 W. Va. 227, 231 n.6,
728 S.E.2d 111, 115 n.6 (2012). See also State v. Green, 207 W. Va. 530, 534 n.5, 534
S.E.2d 395, 399 n.5 (2000) (“The State’s right to appeal an adverse ruling in habeas corpus
is expressly provided by statute.”).
The State argues that the circuit court committed error in granting Mr.
Ferguson habeas relief. According to the State, trial counsel made a reasonable strategic
decision to not conduct an independent investigation of Ms. Linville’s statement implicating
Mr. Coles. The circuit court determined that the decision to not investigate Ms. Linville’s
statement was not reasonable. The circuit court further reasoned that such failure to
investigate probably affected the outcome of the case.
Our law is clear in recognizing that the Sixth Amendment of the federal
constitution and Article III, § 14 of the state constitution guarantee not only the assistance
of counsel in a criminal proceeding but that a defendant has “the right to effective assistance
of counsel.” Cole v. White, 180 W. Va. 393, 395, 376 S.E.2d 599, 601 (1988). We have held
that “[a] trial court lacks jurisdiction to enter a valid judgment of conviction against an
accused who was denied effective assistance of counsel and a judgment so entered is void.”
Syl. pt. 25, State v. Thomas, 157 W. Va. 640, 203 S.E.2d 445 (1974). We have adopted a
two-pronged test to determine whether a defendant has received effective assistance of
6
counsel:
In the West Virginia courts, claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel are to be governed by the two-pronged test
established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104
S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984): (1) Counsel’s
performance was deficient under an objective standard of
reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings
would have been different.
Syl. pt. 6, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995). See also Syl. pt. 21, State
v. Thomas, 157 W. Va. 640, 203 S.E.2d 445 (1974) (“Where a counsel’s performance,
attacked as ineffective, arises from occurrences involving strategy, tactics and arguable
courses of action, his conduct will be deemed effectively assistive of his client’s interests,
unless no reasonably qualified defense attorney would have so acted in the defense of an
accused.”).
We will examine the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel in two parts: (1)
determining whether counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) considering whether the
result of the trial may result have been different.
A. Determining Whether Counsel’s Performance Was Deficient.
During the habeas proceeding, Mr. Ferguson’s Trial Counsel, James
7
Zimarowski, testified.14 Mr. Zimarowski testified that, during discovery in the underlying
case, he received a police report concerning a possible suspect in the murder of Mr. Wilkins.
The police report indicated that roughly nine weeks after the murder, Mary J. Linville was
arrested in a federal drug sweep. After her arrest, Ms. Linville gave the following statement,
as recorded by a police officer, regarding Mr. Wilkins’ murder:
Mary Linville advised that two days after the shooting of
Jerry Wilkins, she was at [Ms.] Spring King’s trailer in trailer
park off Burroughs Street. Mary Linville said that it was around
0300-0400 hours. Mary Linville said that Robbie Coles showed
up at the trailer with a heavy set girl. Mary Linville said that
Robbie Coles was drunk and said, “Know that Jerry kid in the
paper that got shot, I shot him.” Mary Linville said that Robbie
Coles said that the police did not [know] what they were talking
about, that he shot him in the chest and not the back. Mary
Linville said that Robbie Coles advised that he shot Jerry
Wilkins because he did not like the way he looked at him. Mary
Linville said that Spring King had since moved [to] the
Waynesburg area.
In addition to obtaining the above report, Mr. Zimarowski also received information that Mr.
Coles denied making the confession and that he passed a polygraph test that showed he had
no involvement with the death of Mr. Wilkins.
Mr. Zimarowski testified that he did not attempt to contact Ms. Linville, Ms.
King, Mr. Coles, nor the “heavy set girl.” It was Mr. Zimarowski’s belief that Ms. Linville’s
14
Mr. Zimarowski testified that he had practiced law for approximately thirty
years and that he had defended approximately twenty-one first degree murder cases. Some
of those representations resulted in acquittals.
8
statement lacked credibility and that it would hurt Mr. Ferguson’s defense if he tried to use
testimony from a person arrested for drug offenses. Mr. Zimarowski also believed that Mr.
Coles would cause a mistrial by blurting out that he passed a polygraph test.15 Mr.
Zimarowski also testified that he believed Mr. Ferguson’s case would be harmed because the
jury would believe he created a false suspect.
During the habeas proceeding, the State also called an expert witness, J.
Michael Benninger, who opined that Mr. Zimarowski did not provide ineffective assistance
of counsel by failing to investigate Ms. Linville’s statement.16 Mr. Ferguson called an expert
witness, Stephen Jory, who opined that Mr. Zimarowski’s failure to investigate Ms.
Linville’s statement was constitutionally deficient. The trial court adopted the opinion of Mr.
Ferguson’s expert on the deficiency prong of our test.
In conducting our review, we must make clear that, in addressing the issue of
whether a reasonable attorney would have investigated Ms. Linville’s statement, we are not
concerned with the statement’s truth or falsity, or whether the statement itself might have led
15
“Polygraph test results are not admissible in evidence in a criminal trial in this
State.” Syl. pt. 2, State v. Frazier, 162 W. Va. 602, 252 S.E.2d 39 (1979).
16
The State also called Raymond H. Yackel as an expert. However, the circuit
court limited his testimony to issues involving the polygraph test.
9
to adverse consequences for Mr. Ferguson at trial. The sole issue presented now is whether
Mr. Zimarowski acted as a reasonable criminal defense attorney in failing to attempt to
interview Ms. Linville, Ms. King, Mr. Coles, and the “heavy set girl.” We believe that such
failure was not objectively reasonable.
This Court has previously noted that, “under the rule of contemporary
assessment, an attorney’s actions must be examined according to what was known and
reasonable at the time the attorney made his or her choices.” State ex rel. Daniel v. Legursky,
195 W. Va. 314, 465 S.E.2d 416 (1995). With respect to evaluating an attorney’s failure to
investigate an issue, we held in Daniel:
The fulcrum for any ineffective assistance of counsel
claim is the adequacy of counsel’s investigation. Although there
is a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and judicial
scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential,
counsel must at a minimum conduct a reasonable investigation
enabling him or her to make informed decisions about how best
to represent criminal clients. Thus, the presumption is simply
inappropriate if counsel’s strategic decisions are made after an
inadequate investigation.
Syl. pt. 3, Danie, id.
In the instant proceeding,, Mr. Zimarowski did not make any investigation into
whether or not Mr. Coles had a role in causing the death of Mr. Wilkins. Instead, Mr.
Zimarowski chose to rely upon information in the police report which suggested that Ms.
10
Linville’s statement was false because Mr. Coles passed a polygraph test.17 The circuit
court’s order noted that courts have found ineffective assistance of counsel in cases where
trial “counsel blindly relies upon, and fails to investigate beyond, material information
contained within a police report.” For example, the appellate court in Origer v. Iowa, 495
N.W.2d 132 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992), squarely addressed the issue of trial counsel relying on
a police report and failing to do an independent investigation of allegations in the report. The
defendant in Origer was convicted of two murders. One conviction was reversed on direct
appeal on the grounds of insufficiency of evidence, but the second conviction was affirmed.
The defendant eventually challenged the second conviction in a habeas proceeding. One of
the issues the defendant raised in the habeas proceeding was that his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to investigate a police report of a woman who alleged someone else
confessed to the crime. The habeas court granted relief. The State appealed. The appellate
court affirmed as follows:
In April 1985, Lori Engleson was interviewed by the
[police]. She reported that she overheard Mary Jo Payne say she
knew who killed the people in Forest City. . . .
.....
The defense counsel for Origer relied extensively on the
investigations conducted by the [police]. Although the Lori
Engleson statement was available to defense counsel before
trial, defense counsel never conducted any independent
17
Mr. Ferguson had an independent polygraph examiner, Barry Colvert, review
the raw data from Mr. Coles’ polygraph test. Mr. Colvert testified during the habeas
proceeding that he would not have rated Mr. Coles as having passed the polygraph test.
11
investigations into the substance and validity of her allegations.
Again, defense counsel has a duty to make reasonable
investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes
particular investigations unnecessary. We agree with the
findings of the district court that, had defense counsel followed
up on the Engleson statement, defense counsel would have
obtained the information set forth in the testimony of Mary Jo
and Billy Payne.[18] Such testimony would have been consistent
with Origer’s alibi defense and alibi testimony. We find the
failure to investigate in this regard creates a reasonable
probability that, if there had been a more thorough investigation
of the statements made by these persons in Iowa Falls, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.
Origer, 495 N.W.2d at 137-138 (internal citations omitted).
18
The opinion described Mary Jo and Billy Payne’s testimony as follows:
At the postconviction hearing, Mary Jo Payne testified
that following Origer’s arrest she saw Mike Mallory and Keven
Schwebke playing pool at a bar located near Iowa Falls. She
heard Schwebke accuse Mallory of the murders. According to
Mary Jo Payne, Schwebke said: “He thought it was pretty funny
to have a white boy take the rap for what he did and get away
with it scot free.” When Mary Jo Payne asked Mallory whether
the allegations were true, Mallory only said “What’s it to you?”
Billy Payne, Mary Jo Payne’s brother, also testified at the
postconviction hearing. He testified that, on February 9, 1985,
Mallory, looking anxious and nervous, told him he was going to
Forest City “to take care of business.” Billy Payne also testified
Mallory had told him several days later he had “wasted these
people up in Forest City,” but he believed Mallory was only
bragging.
Origer, 495 N.W.2d at 137.
12
In Elmore v. Ozmint, 661 F.3d 783 (4th Cir. 2011) the Fourth Circuit addressed
the issue of trial counsel limiting an investigation to police reports. The defendant in Elmore
was convicted of murder and other crimes and was sentenced to death.19 In the habeas
proceeding before the Fourth Circuit the defendant argued that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel because his trial lawyers failed to perform an independent investigation
of forensic evidence collected by the police. The Fourth Circuit agreed with the defendant
as follows:
[W]e conclude that Elmore is entitled to habeas corpus
relief. . . . Simply put, the gross failure of Elmore’s 1984 trial
lawyers to investigate the State’s forensic evidence—including
the medical examiner’s time-of-death opinion, the pubic hairs
allegedly recovered from Mrs. Edwards’s bed, the nature of the
“Item T” materials removed from Mrs. Edwards’s bloody
abdomen, and the fingerprint lifted from the blood-smeared
toilet in Mrs. Edwards’s en suite bathroom—had a palpably
adverse effect on the defense.
....
The defense team . . . admitted to being lulled into
inaction by the belief that the police were above reproach. At
most, the defense team gave fleeting thought to hiring experts to
examine the evidence. Anderson blamed scarce state resources,
but his testimony indicated that he and Beasley never isolated
evidence deserving further examination, identified appropriate
experts and ascertained their fees, or inquired about state and
other possible sources of funding.
....
19
The case was tried several times. The defendant’s last death sentence was
vacated, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment because he was determined to be
mentally retarded.
13
Of course, it is now clear . . . that an investigation into the
State’s evidence would have exposed a multitude of questions
about its legitimacy and reliability. . . .
....
To be sure, it was thus an unreasonable application of
[law] to rule that the failure of Elmore’s lawyers to investigate
the State’s forensic evidence was justified by their faith in the
integrity and infallibility of the police. . . .
Elmore, 661 F.3d at 851-59 (footnote omitted).
In Sullivan v. Fairman, 819 F.2d 1382 (7th Cir. 1987), the Seventh Circuit was
called upon to address trial counsel’s failure to investigate five possible occurrence witnesses
listed in a police report. The defendant in Sullivan was convicted of murder at a bench trial
by the State of Illinois and was sentenced to twenty-nine years imprisonment. After
exhausting his state court remedies, the defendant filed a federal habeas petition. A federal
district court granted habeas relief to the defendant, and the State appealed. The Seventh
Circuit affirmed habeas relief as follows:
It is undisputed that, prior to trial, defense counsel was
aware, through the police reports and discovery, that there were
five witnesses, with no apparent reason to help the defendant,
who made statements to the police that were exculpatory or
inconsistent with the prosecution witnesses’ statements. The
names and addresses of these witnesses were available to
defense counsel; yet his attempts to locate and to interview them
were perfunctory at best. Given the importance of these
witnesses to the defendant’s case . . . it was not reasonable for
trial defense counsel to rely on his own letter and telephone
attempts or the attempts of the defendant’s aunt to contact the
witnesses.
14
Again, we stress that we do not hold that trial defense
counsel must track down every lead or must personally
investigate every evidentiary possibility before choosing a
defense and developing it. We simply hold that, under the
circumstances presented here, it was not reasonable for defense
counsel to permit his client to stand trial for murder without a
more thorough investigation of the available evidence.
Sullivan, 819 F.2d at 1391-92. See also Crisp v. Duckworth, 743 F.2d 580, 584 (7th Cir.
1984) (“We do not agree that police statements can generally serve as an adequate substitute
for a personal interview.”); Hoots v. Allsbrook, 785 F.2d 1214, 1219-1220 (4th Cir. 1986)
(“Giving Weldon’s decision not to carry his investigation of possible eyewitness testimony
past a review of the police report the proper amount of deference, however, we would be
inclined to find that his performance in this respect was sufficiently deficient to satisfy the
first prong part of the Strickland test. Neglect even to interview available eyewitnesses to
a crime simply cannot be ascribed to trial strategy and tactics. Here, Weldon’s conceded
basis for foregoing any interview with three of the four witnesses to the robbery was simply
that solely on his reading of a police report he concluded that interviews were not
warranted.”); Garza v. Wolff, 528 F.2d 208, 213 (8th Cir. 1975) (“We conclude that counsel
was delinquent in not calling as witnesses each of the persons that accompanied [the victim]
in the car at the time of the alleged rape as well as his failure to investigate the police report
published in the Omaha World Herald.”).
In Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 156 L. Ed. 2d 471 (2003)
the United States Supreme Court addressed the issue of trial counsel relying solely upon
15
information supplied in government reports. The defendant in Wiggins was convicted of
murder and sentenced to death. One of the issues raised in his habeas appeal was that his
trial attorneys were ineffective during the sentencing phase because they failed to
independently investigate and present mitigating evidence of his dysfunctional background.20
The Supreme Court agreed:
[C]ounsel had available to them the written PSI [presentence
investigation], which included a one-page account of Wiggins’
personal history” noting his “misery as a youth,” quoting his
description of his own background as “ ‘disgusting,’” and
observing that he spent most of his life in foster care. Counsel
also “tracked down” records kept by the Baltimore City
Department of Social Services (DSS) documenting petitioner’s
various placements in the State’s foster care system. . . .
Counsel’s decision not to expand their investigation
beyond the PSI and the DSS records fell short of the
professional standards. . . .
The scope of their investigation was also unreasonable in
light of what counsel actually discovered in the DSS records.
The records revealed several facts: Petitioner’s mother was a
chronic alcoholic; Wiggins was shuttled from foster home to
foster home and displayed some emotional difficulties while
there; he had frequent, lengthy absences from school; and, on at
least one occasion, his mother left him and his siblings alone for
days without food. As the Federal District Court emphasized,
any reasonably competent attorney would have realized that
pursuing these leads was necessary to making an informed
choice among possible defenses, particularly given the apparent
absence of any aggravating factors in petitioner’s background.
Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 523-25, 123 S. Ct. at 2536-537. See also Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S.
20The defendant’s trial was bifurcated. The defendant elected to have a bench
trial for the guilt phase and a jury trial for the sentencing phase.
16
374, 125 S. Ct. 2456, 162 L. Ed. 2d 360 (2005) (granting habeas relief in death penalty case
where trial counsel failed to provide an adequate investigation).
In the instant proceeding, the circuit court found that the evidence established
that Mr. Zimarowski’s failure to conduct an independent investigation of Ms. Linville’s
statement was deficient under an objective standard of reasonableness. The circuit court’s
order addressed the matter in part as follows:
In advance of trial, Mr. Zimarowski received and
reviewed a complete police report, which memorialized all
investigatory steps taken by the Morgantown Police Department
in relation to the subject shooting. The report included
Detective Ford’s version of the Linville drug debriefing, at
which Ms. Linville discussed the purported confession of
Robbie Coles and the existence of two other individuals who
witnessed the event. The report indicated that Mr. Coles denied
making a confession, and that Mr. Coles passed a polygraph test.
Having received and reviewed the police report, Mr.
Zimarowski knew, or should have known, that the police failed
to make contact with Spring King, with the unidentified woman
who purportedly accompanied Mr. Coles to Spring King’s
trailer, or with anyone else possessing potentially relevant
information. Nevertheless, Mr. Zimarowski declined to
independently investigate the purported confession. He made no
effort to contact Mr. Coles, Ms. Linville, Ms. King, or anyone
connected to these individuals. He made no effort to identify and
establish contact with the unidentified woman who purportedly
accompanied Mr. Coles. He made no effort to determine Mr.
Coles’s whereabouts on February 2, 2002, Mr. Coles’s physical
characteristics, Mr. Coles’s criminal history, or Mr. Coles’s
access to firearms. In fact, Mr. Zimarowski failed to explore
any of the questions left unanswered by the police report,
including whether the report itself was complete and accurate.
Such conduct clearly contravened the norms of criminal defense
17
practice in effect at the time, especially in a case which exposed
Mr. Ferguson to the most severe criminal penalty under West
Virginia law.
....
At trial, Mr. Zimarowski attempted to advance his theory
of the case –that someone other than Mr. Ferguson shot Jerry
Wilkins --by employing a multi-layered strategy. In addition to
“throwing Coles out there” for the jury to consider, Mr.
Zimarowski attempted to convince the jury that the police not
only rushed to judgment, but that the police conducted a sloppy,
incomplete investigation. Had he himself adequately
investigated the Coles confession, Mr. Zimarowski would have,
and should have, uncovered evidence highly supportive of these
trial themes. For example, when Detective Ford testified on
redirect examination at trial that the police had followed up on
the Coles confession, Mr. Zimarowski could have introduced
evidence strongly rebutting the detective’s assertion. This is not
to mention the evidence that could have been introduced to
support third-party guilt, which, as we know, was the central,
overarching theory of the defense.
....
Because trial counsel limited his investigation of the
Coles confession to a police report that contained obvious,
potentially fruitful leads, because trial counsel provides
insufficient justification for his cursory investigation of the
Coles confession, and because trial counsel acted in
contravention of the prevailing norms of practice at the time of
the subject investigation and trial, the Court finds trial counsel’s
performance deficient under an objective standard of
reasonableness.
In this appeal, the State has failed to demonstrate any error in the circuit court’s
determination that Mr. Zimarowski’s performance was constitutionally deficient. The State
18
contends that the circuit court’s ruling has “set the bar too low” because it did not accord
deference to Mr. Zimarowski’s testimony explaining his strategy. We reject this argument
because there was no objectively reasonable strategic justification for Mr. Zimarowski’s
failure to investigate Ms. Linville’s statement. Mr. Zimarowski “failed to conduct even the
minimal investigation that would have enabled him to come to an informed decision about
what defense to offer. . . . Describing [Mr. Zimarowski’s] conduct as ‘strategic’ strips that
term of all substance.” Sanders v. Ratelle, 21 F.3d 1446, 1456 (9th Cir. 1994).
Mr. Zimarowski also testified during the habeas proceeding that he believed
Ms. Linville’s arrest for drug trafficking would cause the jury to not believe the testimony
regarding Mr. Coles. This contention has no merit and does not justify Mr. Zimarowski’s
failure to investigate Ms. Linville’s statement. Moreover, given the circumstances in which
Ms. Linville made the statement implicating Mr. Coles, we do not believe that a jury would
totally discredit Ms. Linville merely because she had a criminal history. The record in this
proceeding demonstrated that Ms. Linville revealed Mr. Coles’ confession for the purpose
of getting leniency in the criminal case against her. A jury could infer that Ms. Linville was
being truthful about the statement because she believed it would help her–not harm her. In
fact, the greatest credibility asset Ms. Linville possessed was the fact that she had no
apparent relationship with or knowledge of Mr. Ferguson. In other words, she did not
19
provide the statement to help someone she knew.21 Finally, assuming, for the sake of
argument, that Ms. Linville was an undesirable witness, there was no evidence showing that
Ms. King or the “heavy set” woman had criminal records22 or would be undesirable
witnesses.23 Therefore, any potential problems in calling Ms. Linville as a witness did not
relieve Mr. Zimarowski of his duty to conduct an independent investigation of her statement.
Mr. Zimarowski attempted to show the harmlessness of his conduct during the
habeas proceeding by testifying that he informed Mr. Ferguson and his family that the police
had a report that implicated Mr. Coles. We find no merit to this argument. We will assume
that Mr. Ferguson acquiesced in Mr. Zimarowski’s strategy for dealing with the police report.
It was impossible for Mr. Ferguson to appreciate the compelling nature of the police report
without a thorough investigation into the matter. To the extent that Mr. Ferguson thought
the report was more harmful than helpful, it was because of the erroneous way Mr.
Zimarowski portrayed the report to him. It has been observed that a defendant “requires the
guiding hand of counsel at every step in the proceedings against him. Without it, though he
be not guilty, he faces the danger of conviction because he does not know how to establish
21
There is nothing in the record to show that Mr. Ferguson and Ms. Linville
knew each other.
22
During the habeas proceeding, it became apparent that Ms. King was using
drugs during the period of time that the murder occurred.
23
It should also be noted that if Mr. Zimarowski had conducted a timely
investigation into Ms. Linville’s statement, he may have learned the identity of other people
that knew of Mr. Coles’ confession or alleged involvement with the murder of Mr. Wilkins.
20
his innocence.” Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 68–69, 53 S. Ct. 55, 64, 77 L. Ed. 158(1932). Mr. Ferguson retained Mr. Zimarowski because, despite his protestations of
innocence, he did not know how to navigate the legal process to establish his innocence.
Insofar as Mr. Ferguson relied upon Mr. Zimarowski to establish his innocence, Mr.
Zimarowski cannot blame Mr. Ferguson for trusting his judgment and strategy.
In sum, we believe the evidence overwhelmingly supported the habeas trial
court’s determination that Mr. Zimarowski’s performance was constitutionally deficient.24
B. Determining Whether the Result May Have Been Different.
Although we have determined that the circuit court was correct in finding Mr.
Zimarowski’s performance was deficient under an objective standard of reasonableness, Mr.
Ferguson is not entitled to relief unless we also conclude that he was prejudiced by the
deficient performance. See State ex rel. Daniel v. Legursky, 195 W. Va. 314, 325, 465
S.E.2d 416, 427 (1995) (“A finding of unprofessional conduct, however, does not end our
inquiry. In order to obtain relief . . . [the defendant] must demonstrate that the complained
of deficiency resulted in prejudice[.]”). That is, under the prejudice prong, Mr. Ferguson
“must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,
24
We wish to point out that the Court is aware that Mr. Zimarowski is an
excellent criminal defense attorney and has a reputation of being one of the state’s leading
criminal attorneys. Unfortunately in this case Mr. Zimarowski ‘s conduct missed the mark.
21
the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2068, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
During the habeas proceeding, Mr. Ferguson called Ms. Linville and Ms. King.
Both women testified that, on the night that Mr. Wilkins was killed, Mr. Coles confessed to
shooting a man that was later determined to be Mr. Wilkins. Ms. Linville testified to the
matter as follows:
Q. So tell us what happened that night when Robbie
Coles came to visit Spring King’s trailer.
A. Well, we were sitting there in her trailer, and like the
living room was at the end of the trailer. And the drive was here.
And we heard a car outside, and we were like – and then two
doors, and then it was just knocking on the door. And she got up
to say, who is it, because she wasn’t expecting anybody. And it
was Robbie, and he said, let me in, I need to talk and I need to
come in for a second.
Q. How was Robbie behaving?
A. He was real anxious and very nervous and just fidgety,
you know, like taking two or three steps this way and that way
and talking pretty fast and kept fiddling with his hoodie he had
on, his pockets.
....
Q. Was Robbie alone?
A. No. He had a female with him.
Q. Did you know who the female was?
22
A. No.
....
Q. What did Robbie tell you? What did Robbie say when
he came into Spring King’s trailer that night?
A. Well, he said he needed a place to hide out. And I’ll
just kind of quote what he said.
Q. Yeah. Do you remember the terms that he used?
A. To the best of my knowledge, he was like, “Man, you-
all got to give me a place to hide out. I just shot a fucking nigger
up on the hill, come down from the school, and I know he’s
dead because I shot like three times and I hit him.” And he put
his hand here, and said that after he knowed that the third bullet
hit him, he said he just dropped.
Q. He put his hand on his shoulder?
A. Well, his back area, close to his neck there, up by his
shoulder blade – between his shoulder blade and his, you know,
neck, spine.
Ms. King gave the following version of what happened when Mr. Coles came
to her home on the evening of Mr. Wilkins’ murder:
Q. Tell us about the times that you seen Robbie Coles.
A. I’ve seen him twice. Once prior, he had spit in my face
and we had a confrontation. And then the second time, he had
come to my home.
Q. And he came to your home on Burroughs Road?
A. Yes. Beating on my door one evening really loud.
23
Q. Tell us about how Robbie Coles was acting that night
that he came to your door.
A. Very obnoxious, pacing back and forth, very – very
nervous, very – like he scared me.
Q. Was there anyone else with him?
A. There was a girl with him.
Q. Did you know who the girl was?
A. No.
....
Q. Was there anyone else with you at your home when
Robbie Coles came to visit?
A. Yes, there was.
Q. And who was that?
A. That would have been my neighbor, Janie Linville.
....
Q. Do you recall what – how Robbie Coles was dressed?
A. He had a dark hoodie on, dark jeans and a pair of
boots. He had dark clothes on.
Q. And how was he acting?
A. He was acting very – like pacing back and forth. I had
asked him to leave several times and he just was pacing back
and forth and acting really strange.
Q. And what comments did he make? What did he say to you?
A. He said I can’t believe I just did what I did. I just shot
a man down the hill. I said – and I asked him to leave my
24
residence at that time.
....
Q. And did he leave?
A. Briefly, he didn’t leave. Janie had left me there with
him and her. And I thought maybe she was going to call the
police at the time but apparently she didn’t. And about four to
five minutes later, they had left and Janie came back to check on
me to make sure everything was okay.
In view of the testimony of Ms. Linville and Ms. King, the circuit court
concluded that “had trial counsel presented evidence derived from a proper investigation of
the Coles confession, there is a reasonable probability that the result of Mr. Ferguson’s trial
would have been different.” We agree.
Although the State presented sufficient evidence for the jury to convict Mr.
Ferguson, that evidence was circumstantial evidence. There was no eyewitness identification
of Mr. Ferguson. Even though Mr. Wilkins appears to have gone into shock very soon after
he was shot, he was able to communicate briefly with people around him. The record
indicates that Mr. Wilkins stated twice that he had been “shot,” and stated that he “didn’t
want to die.” During the brief moments that Mr. Wilkins spoke, he did not identify Mr.
Ferguson, whom he knew, or anyone else as the shooter. There was also no evidence directly
25
linking Mr. Ferguson to the weapon used in the killing.25
In our review of the trial record and the habeas corpus testimony of Ms.
Linville and Ms. King, we believe that a jury could have reasonable doubts about the guilt
of Mr. Ferguson. The State argues that differences existed in Ms. Linville’s habeas
testimony, the statement she gave the police, an affidavit given before her testimony, as well
as differences with Ms. King’s testimony. The State also argues that Ms. King’s habeas
testimony differed from a handwritten statement she gave and a typed affidavit that she
signed. The inconsistencies noted by the State are jury credibility issues that do not
undermine the most compelling consistency in the testimony of the two witnesses: Mr. Coles
stated that he killed the person later identified as Mr. Wilkins.
The United States Supreme Court has stated that “[t]he benchmark for judging
any claim of ineffective[] [assistance of counsel] must be whether counsel’s conduct so
undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied
on as having produced a just result.” Lafler v. Cooper, ___ U.S. ___. 132 S. Ct. 1376, 1388,
182 L. Ed. 2d 398 (2012) (internal quotations and citation omitted). The compelling
testimony of Ms. Linville and Ms. King which was unjustifiably kept from the jury because
of Mr. Zimarowski’s ineffectiveness, conclusively demonstrates that the adversarial process
25
The weapon was never discovered.
26
in this case was undermined. The best evidence Mr. Ferguson had to defend his claim of
innocence at trial was suppressed through Mr. Zimarowski’s constitutionally deficient
performance.26
IV.
CONCLUSION
The circuit court’s order granting Mr. Ferguson habeas corpus relief in the form
of a new trial is affirmed.
Affirmed.
26
We summarily reject the State’s assignment of error regarding Mr. Yackel.
As we noted earlier in this opinion, the State also called Mr. Yackel as an expert. However,
the circuit court limited his testimony to issues involving Mr. Coles’ polygraph test. In this
appeal, the State assigned error to the circuit court’s limitation of Mr. Yackel’s testimony.
The State contends that Mr. Yackel also should have been allowed to render an opinion that
Mr. Zimarowski did not provide ineffective assistance of counsel. The circuit court found
that such testimony was repetitive of the testimony of Mr. Benninger. We do not find that
the circuit court abused its discretion in limiting Mr. Yackel’s testimony. See Syl. pt. 1, State
v. Kaufman, 227 W. Va. 537, 711 S.E.2d 607 (2011) (“Rulings on the admissibility of
evidence are largely within a trial court’s sound discretion and should not be disturbed unless
there has been an abuse of discretion.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).
27