State of West Virginia v. Quenton A. Sheffield

FILED
June 14, 2022
No. 21-0114 – State of West Virginia v. Quenton A. Sheffield released at 3:00 p.m.
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Wooton, Justice, concurring:
I concur in the Court’s judgment, in the entirety of its well-reasoned opinion,
and in its two new syllabus points. I agree that a violation of Rule 24(c) of the West Virginia
Rules of Criminal Procedure is subject to harmless error analysis because the rule is not
constitutionally grounded; that as part and parcel of such analysis, there is a presumption
of prejudice to the defendant/petitioner that the State must overcome; and that under the
facts and circumstances of this case, the State failed to overcome that presumption. I write
separately, however, to express my view that the circuit court’s failure to swear the recalled
alternate juror before sending her into the jury room to deliberate was fundamental,
structural error that in and of itself rendered the petitioner’s conviction invalid. See State
v. Moore, 57 W. Va. 146, 49 S.E. 1015 (1905), overruled on other grounds by State v.
Grimmer, 162 W. Va. 588, 589, 251 S.E.2d 780, 782 (1979):
It is hardly necessary to cite authorities to show that a person
cannot be legally convicted unless the record shows that the
jury which tried the case were sworn according to law. It is not
necessary that the oath should be copied into the order, but the
record must affirmatively show somewhere and in some way
that the jury were sworn in the manner prescribed by law,
before there can be a legal conviction.
Moore, 57 W. Va. at 146, 49 S.E. at 1016.
Although the State acknowledges the rule established in Moore, it relies on
an Oregon case, State v. Vogh, 41 P.3d 421 (Or.Ct.App. 2002), for the proposition that the
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rule requiring a jury to be sworn is “legal formalism” which “has since given way to a more
functional approach.” Id., 41 P.3d at 426. I find Vogh to be unpersuasive for several
reasons. First, most if not all of the court’s discussion is dicta, as the case was decided on
the basis of the defendant’s procedural default in failing to raise the issue in a motion for
new trial. Id. at 423. Second, the court recognized the distinction between cases involving
untimely swearing of the jury and cases involving failure to swear the jury at all, noting
that the only Oregon case on point 1 involved the former. Id. at 425. As to the latter, the
court acknowledged that the Moore rule is not an outlier, concluding “that the authority is
divided and that no particular consensus exists.” Id. at 425. Third, I wholeheartedly
disagree with the court’s conclusion in Vogh that the failure to swear the jury in a criminal
case, which is part and parcel of constitutional “fair trial” provisions, is subject to a
harmless error analysis less rigorous than that articulated by this Court in numerous
decisions:
“We have long held that ‘[e]rrors involving deprivation
of constitutional rights will be regarded as harmless only if
there is no reasonable possibility that the violation contributed
to the conviction.” Syl. pt. 20, State v. Thomas, 157 W.Va.
640, 203 S.E.2d 445 (1974). See also W. Va. R.Crim. P. 52(a)
(“Any error, defect, irregularity or variance which does not
affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.”). Further,
“[f]ailure to observe a constitutional right constitutes a
reversible error unless it can be shown that the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Syl. pt. 5, State ex rel.
Grob v. Blair, 158 W.Va. 647, 214 S.E.2d 330 (1975).
1
State v. Barone, 986 P.2d 5 (Or. 1999).
2
State v. DeWeese, 213 W. Va. 339, 352, 582 S.E.2d 786, 799 (2003); see also State v.
Flack, 232 W. Va. 708, 716, 753 S.E.2d 761, 769 (2013) (“We made clear in Syllabus
Point 3 of Frazier [State v. Frazier, 229 W. Va. 724, 735 S.E.2d 727 (2012)] that ‘[i]n a
criminal case, the burden is upon the beneficiary of a constitutional error to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict
obtained.’”).
In my view, the failure to swear the dismissed-and-subsequently-recalled
alternate juror in the instant case deprived the petitioner of his guaranteed right to a trial
“by a jury of twelve[,]” W. Va. Const. art. III, § 14,2 in that only eleven members of the
panel had taken the required oath as jurors. In that regard, the record is clear that the
petitioner never agreed, either orally or in writing, 3 to be tried by fewer than twelve jurors.
The circuit court presented the petitioner with a classic Hobson’s choice: if he did not agree
to have his guilt or innocence decided by an eleven-person jury, the recalled juror would
participate in deliberations. Although the petitioner chose the latter option, it is clear from
the record that this was not a true choice in that it was not made knowingly, intelligently,
2
Although the text of article three, section fourteen of the West Virginia
Constitution provides for a jury of twelve men, the WEST VIRGINIA JURY SERVICE FOR
WOMEN AMENDMENT, AMENDMENT 1, was approved by the voters on November 6, 1956,
making women eligible for jury service.
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See W. Va. R. Crim. P. 23(b) (providing that “[j]uries shall be of 12[]” unless the
parties “stipulate in writing with the approval of the court, that the jury shall consist of any
number less than 12[.]”) (emphasis added).
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and voluntarily. See State v. Redden, 199 W. Va. 660, 487 S.E.2d 318 (1997), where this
Court held that
“‘Certain constitutional rights are so inherently personal and so
tied to fundamental concepts of justice that their surrender by
anyone other than the accused acting voluntarily, knowingly,
and intelligently would call into question the fairness of a
criminal trial.’ Syllabus Point 5, State v. Neuman, 179 W.Va.
580, 371 S.E.2d 77 (1988).”
Id. at 661, 487 S.E.2d at 319, Syl. Pt. 2. Thus, the petitioner cannot reasonably be held to
have waived his constitutional rights under article three, section fourteen of the West
Virginia Constitution.
“I do not necessarily dispute the contention that ‘the fact
that the jury at common law was composed of 12 is a historical
accident, unnecessary to effect the purposes of the jury system
and wholly without significance ‘except to mystics’ . . . Yet,
under the West Virginia Constitution twelve is indeed the
‘magic number’ . . . and this Court should be loath to tinker
with such a stable and predictable fixture of our criminal
jurisprudence.”
State v. Lightner, 205 W. Va. 657, 665, 520 S.E.2d 654, 662 (1999) (McGraw, J.,
dissenting) (citations omitted).
Finally, I reject the State’s argument that because the recalled juror had been
sworn earlier, her oath somehow “carried over” despite the fact that she had been excused
by the circuit court. The State cites U.S. v. Turrietta, 696 F.3d 972 (10th Cir. 2012) as
support for its position – yet another case in which the court’s entire discussion of jurors’
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oaths is dicta,4 as the case was decided on the basis of the defendant’s procedural default:
defense counsel had deliberately waited until after the verdict was in and the jury
discharged to complain that the jury hadn’t been sworn, leading the court to observe that
“[t]he interests of justice are generally not served by allowing a party to object to an error
after the trial has concluded and the party has lost.” Id. at 985-86. More significantly,
however, Turrietta has nothing whatsoever to do with whether a juror’s oath somehow
“carries over” after his or her discharge, and the State has cited no authority for this
extraordinary proposition. One can only wonder where the State would have this Court
4
Interestingly, much of the dicta supports the proposition that jurors’ oaths are
critical to their ability to perform the task assigned to them: to well and truly try the case.
Although we do not resolve the issue here, we can
readily perceive a difference, in terms of this central function,
between a sworn and an unsworn jury. Sworn jurors stand
before a judge with uplifted hands and recite an oath designed
to impress a duty on their conscience. They promise to carry
out their charge—to render a verdict in accordance with the
evidence—conscientiously and impartially, based on the
court's instructions on the law. Whether swearing an oath
makes jurors more reliable factfinders is a question we are
unequipped to answer, but the principle behind the exercise is
sound: A juror impressed with the seriousness of his charge is
more likely to be attentive at trial and, in turn, more likely to
carry out his duty faithfully, with due respect for the ideals
underlying the criminal process. See United States v.
Martin, 740 F.2d 1352, 1358 (6th Cir.1984) (“Swearing the
jury ... serves to emphasize the importance and seriousness of
the juror's task....”). In this sense, it is fair to presume the oath
furthers the fair resolution of factual issues.
Turrietta, 696 F.2d at 978.
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draw the line: does an oath “carry over” after discharge for an hour, a day, a week? Not
surprisingly, the State avoids asking this critical question, let alone answering it.
For the reasons set forth herein, I respectfully concur.
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