City of Fairmont v. Retail, Wholesale, & Department Store Union

Miller, Justice:

The Circuit Court of Marion County determined that upon the limited facts presented to it through pleadings, affidavits and a summary judgment hearing that a peaceful strike by employees of a municipal hospital did not give rise to a cause of action for damages against certain labor unions. It thereupon certified its rulings to this Court under the provisions of W. Va. Code 58-5-2. The certified questions are set out in the margin.¹ For reasons more fully stated herein, we decline to address the certified questions in the precise manner in which they are formulated to us since we believe there is some redundancy in the legal questions posed. Two basic questions are posed. First, whether as a matter of law the facts present a substantive cause of action for damages. Second, whether a labor union may be sued as an entity. We have traditionally maintained that upon receiving certified questions we retain some flexibility in determining how and to what extent they will be answered. West Virginia Water Service Co. v. Cunningham, 143 W. Va. 1, 98 S.E.2d 891 (1957).

Because the issues involved in this case are matters of substantial public importance, and because in this area of labor law there is a critical necessity for precise delineation of the operative facts, it is important to summarize the key factual events upon which this opinion is predicated.

I. The Operative Facts

The City of Fairmont as a municipal corporation operates a hospital known as the Fairmont General Hospital. Prior to the filing of the complaint on September 11, 1978, the hospital had entered into a collective bargaining agreement with the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO, and its local 550. This collective bargaining agreement covered a three-year period from March 2, 1977, to March 2, 1980. The employees included in the bargaining unit were non-professional maintenance employees. Included within this collective bargaining agreement was a provision that:

“The union agrees that for the duration of this contract it will not attempt to organize, admit to membership or represent any employees not currently included in the above bargaining unit.”

Sometime in August, 1978, the hospital learned that a number of its nursing staff, as well as certain other technical employees, desired to organize collectively and be represented by Local 1199 of the National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees, which is also a member of the AFL-CIO. There was apparently some confusion on the part of the hospital as to whether Local 1199 of the Hospital and Health Care Employees was in fact representing the nurse or whether it was Local 550 of the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, which had agreed under the collective bargaining agreement not to expand its bargaining unit. Part of this confusion was engendered by the fact that both locals had utilized the same business agent, the defendant Tom Woodruff.

Correspondence and telegrams were exchanged between the hospital and Mr. Woodruff, and it was the latter’s position that the nurses were being represented by Local 1199 of the Hospital and Health Care Union. Several nurses, together with Mr. Woodruff, made abortive attempts to discuss the union’s representation with the hospital administration staff and to present to the hospital management a petition signed by 156 nurses affirming their desire to have Local 1199 act as their bargaining agent.

When the hospital refused to meet with nursing representatives and Mr. Woodruff, it was advised that by vote of 145 to 9 the nurses and other technical employees would on September 11, 1978, refuse to work. The involved employees offered to set up an emergency care committee; however, the hospital management declined this offer and made arrangements to close the hospital facility except for emergency and out-of-patient services.

The work stoppage occurred on September 11, 1978, and was accompanied by informational picketing at the situs of the hospital. The picketing was peaceful and nonobstruc-tive to other hospital employees. The hospital initially sought a temporary injunction but this was declined by the Circuit Court of Marion County.

Thereafter, the case proceeded on the question of whether the hospital could collect damages as a result of the work stoppage from the various defendants, who were the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO; Local 550, Retail Wholesale and Department Store Union, AFL-CIO; Local 1199, National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees; Tom Woodruff; Buhl Tennant; John Doe; and Jane Doe. The hospital asserted that it had a cause of action for damages based on the fact that the work stoppage constituted a tortious interference with its business relations or was a public nuisance in view of the fact that a public employees’ strike is illegal. The trial court declined to give damages, holding as a matter of law that a peaceful strike by employees under the facts of this case did not give rise to a cause of action for damages. It also concluded that from a procedural standpoint the various union defendants could not be sued as entities.

II. The Common Law Right to Damages

The hospital asserts the broad proposition that since it is generally held that public employees have no right to strike, that it follows that such a strike is illegal and as a consequence it may recover damages as a result of the strike.² We do not agree with this reasoning. Whether there is a right to sue for damages in this case will depend upon common law labor principles.³

In Krystad v. Lau, 65 Wash.2d 827, 400 P.2d 72 (1965), the Washington Supreme Court, sitting en banc, made a rather exhaustive analysis of the common law surrounding labor unions and took particular pains to point out that in general American courts have not followed the English common law surrounding the suppression of labor unions:

“American courts gave scant heed to the common-law rules for the suppression of labor unions. Only two states of the United States seem to have accepted the curious view that a combination of workmen to raise wages constituted a criminal conspiracy. People v. Melvin, 2 Wheeler’s Crim. Cases 262 (New York, 1810); People v. Trequier, 1 Wheeler’s Crim. Cases 142 (New York, 1823); Philadelphia’s Cordwainers’ Case (Pennsylvania, 1805), reported 41 Yale L.Jour. 165 (1931). Despite dicta to the contrary, the idea that a labor union is a criminal conspiracy seems not to have taken root in this country. Witte, Early American Labor Cases, 35 Yale L.Jour. 825 (1926); Nelles, The First American Labor Case, 41 Yale L.Jour. 165 (1931). Any lingering doubts that the roots of the idea were shallow indeed, if they can be said to have taken hold at all in American law, may be put to rest by a reading of Commonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass. (4 Metcalf) 111, 38 Am.Dec. 346 (1842), a landmark in the field of labor law, and quite possibly the foundation upon which the American law of labor unions is built.” (65 Wash.2d at 835, 400 P.2d at 77)⁴

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass. (4 Met.) 111, 134 (1842), cited in Krystad, contains these statements which in effect test the lawfulness of a union’s conduct as reflected by its activities:

“[A]ssociations may be entered into, the object of which is to adopt measures that may have a tendency to impoverish another, that is, to diminish his gains and profits, and yet so far from being criminal or unlawful, the object may be highly meritorious and public spirited. The legality of such an association will therefore depend upon the means to be used for its accomplishment. If it is to be carried into effect by fair or honorable and lawful means, it is, to say the least, innocent; if by falsehood or force, it may be stamped with the character of conspiracy.... if criminal and indictable, it is so by reason of the criminal means intended to be employed for its accomplishment; and as a further legal consequence,... those means must be stated in the indictment.”

We have made much the same point in Parker Paint & Wall Paper Co. v. Local Union No. 813, 87 W. Va. 631, 642, 105 S.E. 911, 915 (1921), where we quoted with approval the following statement from Pierce v. Stablemen’s Union, 156 Cal. 70, 76, 103 P. 324, 327 (1909):

“A body of workmen are dissatisifed with the terms of their employment. They seek to compel their employer to come to their terms by striking. They may legally do so. The loss and inconvenience he suffers he cannot complain of. But when they seek to compel third persons, who have no quarrel with their employer, to withdraw from all association with him by threats that unless such third persons do so the workmen will inflict similar injury on such third persons, the combination is oppressive, involves duress, and, if injury results, it is actionable.”⁵

In United Maintenance and Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. United Steelworkers of America, Inc., 157 W. Va. 788, 204 S.E.2d 76 (1974), and Ohio Valley Advertising Corp. v. Union Local 207, 138 W. Va. 355, 76 S.E.2d 113 (1953), we recognized that since Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88, 84 L.Ed. 1093, 60 S.Ct. 736 (1940), there exists under the First Amendment a constitutionally protected right of association and free expression for employees who are in a union or desire to join one.

Admittedly, the foregoing opinions involved union activity in the private sector. In Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees, 441 U.S. 463, 99 S.Ct. 1826, 60.L.Ed.2d 860 (1979), however, the court recognized that public employees do enjoy some First Amendment rights in regard to their organizational attempts:

“The public employee surely can associate and speak freely and petition openly, and he is protected by the First Amendment from retaliation for doing so. See Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563, 574-575, 88 S.Ct. 1731, 20 L.Ed.2d 811 (1968); Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479, 81 S.Ct. 247, 5 L.Ed.2d 231 (1960). But the First Amendment does not impose any affirmative obligation on the government to listen, to respond or, in this context, to recognize the association and bargain with it.” (441 U.S. at 465, 99 S.Ct. at 1828, 60 L.Ed.2d at 363)q (footnote omitted)

Thus, while some constitutional protection is extended under the First Amendment to public employees to organize, speak freely and petition, it is clear that a public employer is not required to recognize or bargain with a public employee association or union in the absence of a statutory requirement. These decisions, however, do not resolve the question presented in this case. Oddly enough there are few decisions that address the precise issue before us, whether a common law cause of action exists for damages arising from a peaceful work stoppage against the employer by public employees. In the leading case of Lamphere Schools v. Lamphere Federation of Teachers, 400 Mich. 104, 252 N.W.2d 818 (1977), the Supreme Court of Michigan found no common law right and declined to create a common law remedy for damages against a teacher’s union for a peaceful work stoppage:

“The proposed remedies in tort which the School District asserts, in the case at bar, are heretofore unknown to the Michigan common law. Although couching its cause in such familiar tort terms as ‘causing a breach of a common law and statutory duty’, ‘intentional interference with individual contractual relationships’ and ‘civil conspiracy’, the School District attempts to recover monetary damages from teacher federations for conduct not presently actionable, to wit: the withholding of services through peaceful concerted action of public employees, [footnote omitted]

“Plaintiff School District fails to cite to this Court any prior case in this jurisdiction which has considered the instant question under any tort theory. Moreover, in other states which have statutes prohibiting public employee strikes, the principle permitting a cause of action in tort for damages has not been judicially adopted. [Citing Annot., 37 A.L.R.3d 1147 (1971), in a footnote.]

“In no manner does the Detroit case or any known Michigan case even suggest that monetary damages can be obtained by a school district from the teachers or the teachers’ federation under any theory, in the event of a peaceful strike. There has been no case which would support the contention that there is a common law tort of ‘public teacher strikes’ with an attendant remedy. On the contrary, there is a total absence of any such preexistent common law remedy.” (400 Mich. at 124-29, 252 N.W.2d at 827-29)

The only other decision that has a bearing on this issue is Pasadena Unified School District v. Pasadena Federation of Teachers, 72 Cal.App.3d 100, 140 Cal. Rptr. 41 (1977), where the court reversed the dismissal of the School District’s complaint which sought damages for breach of contract. The reversal was predicated on the existence of written employment contracts between the teachers and the school district. The teachers had engaged in a work stoppage during the school year while they were under contract. Here there are no written employment contracts which are alleged to have been breached.

We have not been cited any case where a court has held that a peaceful strike by public employees under the conditions existing in this case gives rise to a damage action.⁶ The assertion that the strike is “illegal” only serves to confuse the issue. The term “illegal” in the present case is much like the term “unfair,” which concerned this Court in the Ohio Valley Advertising case, supra. Its meaning must be derived from the context in which it is used.⁷ Here we consider the term “illegal” against the narrow band of common law labor principles where damages are sought for a peaceful strike. We conclude that where public employees who have no employment contracts with their employer, engage in a work stoppage which is peaceful and directed only against the employer with no attempt to interfere with his customers or bar ingress to other employees there is no common law right to damages. In this context, the work stoppage is not “illegal” in the sense that it gives rise to a common law action for damages. We, also, adopt the view of the Michigan Supreme Court in Lamphere and decline to judicially extend under our common law powers a remedy for damages. See Morningstar v. Black & Decker Manufacturing Co., 162 W. Va. 857, 253 S.E.2d 666 (1979).

In so declining, we note that in most other states the .legislature has made an effort to make some statutory accomodations to the labor relations problems that exist in the public sector. Indeed, it was the initial inability of the courts to judicially resolve the competing interests of private employees and private employers that led to federal legislation in the labor law field. Most if not all commentators in the labor law area agree that the complex issues in this field are ill suited to any comprehensive judicial solution.⁸

III. Suability of Labor Union as An Entity

A further issue raised by the certification is whether from a procedural standpoint an unincorporated labor association can be sued as an entity. Both parties recognize that this issue was addressed in State ex rel. Glass Blowers Association v. Silver, 151 W. Va. 749, 155 S.E.2d 564 (1967), where we made the following statement in Syllabus Point 2:

“In the absence of a statute or rule of practice authorizing such procedure, an unincorporated society or association can not be sued as an entity by its name, nor can judgment be rendered against it merely by name; but to confer jurisdiction, the .members composing the association, or some of them, must be named as parties and process served upon them individually.”

Much the same point has been made in our earlier decisions. West Virginia Secondary Schools Activities Commision v. Wagner, 143 W. Va. 508, 102 S.E.2d 901 (1958); Milam v. Settle, 127 W. Va. 271, 32 S.E.2d 269 (1944); West v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 103 W. Va. 417, 137 S.E. 654 (1927).

Some courts have adopted the extreme view that a voluntary organization cannot be sued unless all of its members are joined as parties. E.g. American Federation of Technical Engineers, Local 144 v. LaJeunesse, 63 Ill.2d 263, 347 N.E.2d 712 (1976); All Members of the AFL-CIO Building Trade Council v. Yost Construction Company, Inc., 144 Ind. App. 433, 246 N.E.2d 771 (1969. However, as we have stated in Silver, supra, we permit the suit against an unincorporated association by joining a representative group of its members. This appears to be the more enlightened rule. E.g. McCormack v. Labor Relations Commission, 358 Mass. 682, 266 N.E.2d 651 (1971); 6 Am.Jur.2d Associations and Clubs §§ 54 & 55 (1963); Annot., 92 A.L.R.2d 499 (1963).⁹

We recognize, as we did in Milam, supra, that United Mine Workers of America v. Coronado Coal Co., 259 U.S. 344, 66 L.Ed. 975, 42 S.Ct. 570 (1922) altered the federal procedural law to permit a suit against a labor union as an entity, where the suit seeks to enforce a federal substantive right. Milam noted that the federal alteration “is based largely, although not wholly, on the Federal statutes relating to subjects in which unincorporated associations such as labor unions play an important part.” (127 W. Va. at 283, 32 S.E.2d at 274.)

Based on Coronado Coal supra, Rule 17(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure was enacted, which permits suits against an unincorporated association as an entity where the suit enforces a federal substantive right. 3A Moore’s Federal Practice ¶17.25.¹⁰ However, we have no counterpart to Rule 17(b) in the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. This lack of a Rule 17(b) in our Rules of Procedure is a further indication that our case law remains intact.

The hospital argues that as a result of the enactment in 1971 of W. Va. Code 21-1 A-1, et seq., entitled “Labor-Management Relations Act For The Private Sector” that the Legislature intended to permit labor unions to be sued as an entity. This argument is based on the language contained in W. Va. Code 21-1A-7.¹¹ Particular emphasis is placed on W. Va. Code 21-1A-7(c) which states that “any such labor organization may sue or be sued as an entity and in behalf of the employees whom it represents.”

It must be kept in mind that while this act was patterned from the National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.A. §41, et seq., as indicated by W. Va. Code 21-1A-1(c),¹² but the National Labor Relations Act does not contain a provision similar to W. Va. Code 21-1A-7.¹³ Thus, cases decided under the National Labor Relations Act are of no help in construing W. Va. Code 21-1A-7.

There is no question that W. Va. Code, 21-1 A-1, et seq., is limited to private sector labor disputes. Under W. Va. Code, 21-1A-2(a)(2), there is excluded from the term “employer” the following:

“...[T]he State of West Virginia or any political subdivision or agency thereof, or any corporation or association operating a hospital, if no part of the net earnings innures the benefit of any private shareholder or individual.”

The result of the foregoing provisions is to remove public labor disputes from the purview of the act. From this it must follow that the procedural changes brought about the W. Va. Code 21-1A-7, are applicable only to parties and disputes covered by the act and cannot be construed to have changed our settled common law in regard to the suability of labor unions that are outside the ambit of the act. We have consistently held that statutes which alter the common law are narrowly construed and will not be extended beyond the clear legislative intent. Fruehauf Corporation v. Huntington Moving & Storage Co., 159 W. Va. 14, 217 S.E.2d 907 (1975). In Syllabus Point 3 of Bank of Weston v. Thomas, 75 W. Va. 321, 88 S.E. 985 (1914), we stated:

“Statutes in derogation of the common law are allowed effect only to the extent clearly indicated by the terms used. Nothing can be added otherwise than by necessary implication arising from such terms.”

See also Carbide & Carbon Corp. v. Linville, 142 W. Va. 160, 95 S.E.2d 54 (1956); Shifflette v. Lilly, 130 W. Va. 297, 43 S.E.2d 289 (1947).

Returning to the certified questions set out in Note 1, we conclude that under the facts of this case, questions 1 through 4 must be answered in the negative since the strike was not “illegal” in the sense that it gave rise to a common law action for damages. Certified question number five is also answered in the negative. These answers are consistent with the trial court’s rulings and, therefore, we affirm its rulings.

Rulings On Certified Questions Affirmed

1 1. “Whether a peaceful strike by employees of a municipal hospital is illegal under West Virginia law.”

2. “If a peaceful strike by employees of a municipal hospital is illegal under West Virginia law whether such a strike automatically gives rise to a cause of action for damages incurred thereby in favor of the struck municipal hospital and against the union and/or its agent who aids, abets or fosters the strike.”

3. “If a peaceful strike by employees of a municipal hospital is illegal under West Virginia law whether such a strike gives rise to a cause of action for damages incurred thereby in favor of the struck municipal hospital and against the union and/or its agent who aids, abets or fosters the strike on the theory of the strike being a tortious public nuisance.”

4. “If a peaceful strike by employees of a municipal hospital is illegal under West Virginia law whether such a strike may give rise to a cause of action for damages incurred thereby in favor of the struck municipal hospital and against the union and/or its agent who aids, abets or fosters the strike on the theory of the strike being a tortious interference with the business relationships of the municipal hospital.”

5. “Whether any action for damages may be maintained against an unincorporated labor union of municipal hospital employees as an entity under West Virginia law.”

2 Most cases involving public employee strikes have arisen in the context of an injunction. Annot., 37 A.L.R.3d 1147 (1971). This issue is not presented in this case nor is the related issue of the right to discharge public employees who have engaged in a strike. Kirker v. Moore, 308 F.Supp. 615 (S.D. W.Va. 1970), aff'd, 436 F.2d 423 (4th Cir.1970), cert. denied, 404 U.S. 824, 92 S.Ct. 49, 30 L.Ed.2d 51 (1971); cf., Olshock v. Village of Skokie, 541 F.2d 1254 (7th Cir. 1976).

3 Federal labor law statutes are not applicable to state public employers, 29 U.S.C.A. § 152(2). Likewise, the “Labor-Management Relations Act for the Private Sector,” W. Va. Code 21-1A-1, et. seq., is not applicable on the substantive cause of action for damages because of the exclusion of public employers. W. Va. Code 21-1A-2(a)(2). We discuss in Section III, infra, the relation of this statute to the procedural question of the right to sue a labor organization as an entity.

4 E. Witte, in his article Early American Labor Cases in 35 Yale Law Journal 825, 836-37 (1926) demonstrates rather conclusively that American courts did not develop their labor law from English sources. His conclusions in this regard are:

“The development of the law of labor combinations in the United States has been very different from that of England. In England labor unions were in the early nineteenth century deemed to be illegal, even criminal combinations; and every act in furtherance of their objects was an indictable offense. ...

“In the United States, it was never generally accepted as law that labor unions are unlawful, although a few attempts were made to apply what was called the ‘common law’ rule of the illegality of all combinations to raise wages. From the outset, the courts of this country generally accorded working-men the right to organize for their mutual economic betterment, and scrutinized only the measures they adopted to gain their ends.”

Consequently, any attempt to utilize English common law cuts against the grain of our American labor law.

5 In Annot., 36 A.L.R.3d 405, 408 (1971), the following general statement is made on the common law right to recover damages in the private sector:

“Although a labor union or its membership is not liable to persons who suffer financial losses as the result of peaceful and lawful labor activities, the courts have uniformly recognized that a labor union or its membership may be held liable, under general principles of agency law, for the common-law torts of its officers or members committed during the course of a lawful strike, or other primary labor activities, if the union officers or members authorized, participated in, or ratified the tortious acts.” (footnote omitted)

6 We are aware of two cases that peripherally touch this area. Olshock v. Village of Skokie, 541 F.2d 1254 (7th Cir. 1976), involved the dismissal of civil service police officers for an illegal strike. The court found that their discharge violated procedural due process, but offset their back-pay claims by damages incurred by the village as a result of the illegal strike. The offset was not extensively discussed nor couched in traditional tort-nuisance theories, but was based on equitable grounds not precisely articulated. Similarly, Caso v. District Council 37, 43 A.D.2d 159, 350 N.Y.S.2d 173 (1973), is not on point since it involved damages for a willful and malicious nuisance brought by officials of the County of Nassau against a New York City union whose members operated a sewage plant which discharged raw sewage on Nassau’s beaches when the members engaged in a strike. No element of willful and malicious conduct is here asserted. See also, Annot., 84 A.L.R.3d 336 (1978).

7 This but echoes the thought better expressed by Justice Holmes in Towne v. Eisner, 245 U.S. 418, 425, 38 S.Ct. 158, 159, 62 L.Ed. 372, 376 (1918):

“A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged; it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.”

8 A history of the problems and suggested legislative solutions are contained in the following commentaries: F. Frankfurter & N. Greene, Congressional Power Over The Labor Injunction, 31 Colum. L. Rev. 385 (1931) (regarding the need for federal legislation); C. Magruder, A Half Century of Legal Influence Upon The Development of Collective Bargaining, 50 Harv. L. Rev. 1071 (1937) (tracing the development of congressional legislation in response to legal decisions on labor disputes); C. Kincaid, Resolving Public Employment Disputes: A Guide for West Virginia, 790 W. Va. L. Rev. 23 (1976) (containing a comprehensive summary of various theories and legislative solutions to public employee disputes along with numerous citations to pertinent articles and books).

9 M. Forkosch, The Legal Status and Liability of Labor Organizations, 28 Temp. L. Q. 1, 2 (1954), indicates that the original common law theory, that unincorporated associations could only be sued by suing all members, was gradually modified by the equitable doctrine of permitting suits by and against a representative group of the association’s members such as its officers and executive committee. For a comprehensive review of the law surrounding private associations, see note Judicial Control of Actions of Private Associations, 76 Harv. L. Rev. 983 (1963).

10 Rule 17(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides:

“CAPACITY TO SUE OR BE SUED. The capacity of an individual, other than one acting in a representative capacity, to sue or be sued shall be determined by the law of his domicile. The capacity of a corporation to sue or be sued shall be determined by the law under which it was organized. In all other cases capacity to sue or be sued shall be determined by the law of the state in which the district court is held, except (1) that a partnership or other unincorporated association, which has no such capacity by the law of such state, may sue or be sued in its common name for the purpose of enforcing for or against it a substantive right existing under the Constitution or laws of the United States, and (2) that the capacity of a receiver appointed by a court of the United States to sue or be sued in a court of the United States is governed by Title 28, U.S.C., §§ 754 and 959 (a).”

This rule by its terms does not change the applicable state law, where the suit is not based on a federal right.

11 W. Va. Code, 21-1A-7, in pertinent part, provides:

“(c) Any labor organization and any employer shall be bound by the acts of its agents. Notwithstanding any other provision of law or rule to the contrary, any such labor organization may sue or be sued as an entity and in behalf of the employees whom it represents. Any money judgment against a labor organization in a suit under this section shall be enforceable only against the organization as an entity and against its assets, and shall not be enforceable against any individual member or his assets.

“(d) For the purposes of actions and proceedings by or against labor organizations, the circuit courts of this State shall be deemed to have jurisdiction of a labor organization in the county in which such organization maintains its principal offices, or in any county in which its duly authorized officers or agents are engaged in representing or acting for employee members.

“(e) The service of summons, subpoena, or other legal process of any circuit court of this State upon an officer or agent of a labor organization, in his capacity as such, shall constitute service upon the labor organization. (1971, c. 82.)”

12 W. Va. Code 21-1A-1(c) states:

“This article is patterned after the provisions of the ‘National Labor Relations Act,’ as amended, and except insofar as the provisions of this article differ from the provisions of said act, as amended, the decisions of the national labor relations board and of the courts with respect to said act, as amended, shall be authoritative in the interpretation, administration and application of the provisions of this article.”

13 The National Labor Relations Act vests primary jurisdiction over labor disputes, as defined in the Act, in the National Labor Relations Board and not the federal courts. San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236, 79 S.Ct. 773, 3 L.Ed.2d 775 (1959). We recognized this principle in United Maintenance and Manufacturing Co., Inc. v. United Steel Workers of America, 157 W. Va. 788, 204 S.E.2d 76 (1974).