Saldana v. State

ROONEY, Chief Justice.

On appeal from a judgment and sentence ¹ after a jury trial in which he was found guilty of violation of § 6-8-602, W.S. 1977², appellant contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury “that people are considered by law to have intended the natural consequences of their acts” while also instructing it that the charged crime was a specific intent crime.

We affirm.

After a deputy sheriff had served an arrest warrant on appellant’s son and had taken him into custody, appellant threatened the deputy sheriff with physical abuse, grabbed him by his coat lapels, tore up the warrant and shoved it inside the deputy’s coat, and tried to prevent the closing of the door of the patrol car. The following were among the instructions given the jury by the court:

“INSTRUCTION NO. 5

“The necessary elements of the crime of interference with a peace officer are:

“1. The crime occured [sic] within the County of Big Horn on or about the date of November 9, 1982; and

“2. the defendant knowingly and willfully

“3. obstructed, impeded or interfered,

“4. with a peace officer,

“5. while such officer was engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties.

“If you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any of these elements has not been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should find the defendant not guilty.

“If, on the other hand, you find from your consideration of all of the evidence that each of these elements has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt, then you should find the defendant guilty.”

“INSTRUCTION NO. 6

“The crime charged in this case is a serious crime which requires proof of specific intent before the defendant can be convicted. Specific intent, as the term implies, means more than general intent to commit the act. To establish specific intent the state must prove that the defendant knowingly did an act which the law forbids, specifically intending to violate the law. Such intent may be determined from all the facts and circumstances surrounding the case.

“An act or a failure to act is ‘knowingly’ done if done voluntarily and intentionally, and not because of mistake or accident or other innocent reason.”

“INSTRUCTION NO. 7

“You are hereby instructed that people are considered by law to have intended the natural consequences of their acts.”

“INSTRUCTION NO. 10

“You are instructed that to constitute the offense of interference with a police officer that it is not necessary that the peace officer is actually prevented from the performance of his duty, but only whether the peace officer was in fact interfered with.”

“INSTRUCTION NO. 11

“You are hereby instructed that verbal criticism alone may not be sufficient to constitute interference with a peace officer but if the defendant has made threatening gestures and refused the requests or demands of a law enforcement officer, such total circumstances amount to interference as contemplated by the law.”

Appellee contends that Instruction No. 7, as augmented by Instructions No. 5, 10 and 11, properly reflected the general intent nature of the charged crime. Appellant objected to the giving of Instruction No. 7 on the grounds that:

“ * * * it’s an unconstitutional presumption against the presumption of innocence. I believe it’s been declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in a Montana case. I believe we went over this in the Selig case.”

The Montana case referred to is Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979),³ which held that an instruction to the effect that people intend the natural consequences of their acts, i.e., Instruction No. 7, is improper in that it creates a presumption which relieves the prosecution of its burden of proof on the element of specific intent.

The crime here charged is not a specific intent crime, Tillett v. State, Wyo., 637 P.2d 261 (1981). The words “willfully” and “knowingly” do not require a specific intent and the questioned instruction is proper in those cases involving only a general intent. Dean v. State, Wyo., 668 P.2d 639 (1983); Vigil v. State, Wyo., 563 P.2d 1344 (1977); and Stuebgen v. State, Wyo., 548 P.2d 870 (1976). To violate the statute, it is necessary only that the proscribed conduct be undertaken voluntarily. Armijo v. State, Wyo., 678 P.2d 864 (1984). Appellant’s argument on appeal, however, does not contest the general intent nature of the charge but points to Instruction No. 6 which erroneously characterizes the charge as one requiring specific intent. Accordingly, argues appellant, that instruction became the law of the case, and that for the purpose of this case, the charge is a specific intent crime. In the absence of an objection or offer of a corrective instruction, an instruction does become the law of the ease. Cox v. Vemieuw, Wyo., 604 P.2d 1353 (1980); Pure Gas & Chemical Company v. Cook, Wyo., 526 P.2d 986 (1974); and Texas Gulf Sulphur Company v. Robles, Wyo., 511 P.2d 963 (1973).

Assuming appellant’s contention that Instruction No. 6 made specific intent the law of this case, and acknowledging that Sandstrom v. Montana, supra,⁴ established the giving of Instruction No. 6 in connection with a specific intent crime to be error inasmuch as it transferred to the defendant the burden of establishing the nonexistence of an essential element of the crime, the question remains relative to the prejudicial nature of the instruction. Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, did not resolve the question, and the question remained unresolved when the United States Supreme Court considered it in Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 103 S.Ct. 969, 74 L.Ed.2d 823 (1983). The Court there split on the harmless error question and left standing the ruling of the Supreme Court of Connecticut which upheld the appellant’s conviction for sexual assault because it was not a specific intent crime, and there the jury was not influenced by the instruction that “every person is conclusively presumed to intend the natural and necessary consequences of his act.” 103 S.Ct. at 973. A plurality of four justices expressed the view that the giving of the instruction condemned in Sandstrom when specific intent is an issue required an automatic reversal. Another four justices said that the question of harmless error in the giving of such instruction must be determined on an ad hoc basis.

This is one of those cases. In reliance on Instruction No. 6, the jury found specific intent. Appellant was found guilty under a more stringent requirement than had Instruction No. 6 not been given. Instruction No. 7 (presumption of intent) would relieve the prosecution of proving the element of specific intent. In effect, the two instructions cancelled each other, leaving the State with substantially the same burden of proof required in the absence of the erroneous instruction on specific intent. The rights of the accused were not prejudiced under such circumstances. He probably secured an advantage.

Even federal constitutional errors can be harmless if so beyond a reasonable doubt in light of the facts of the case. Chapman v. State of California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 24 A.L.R.3d 1065, reh. denied 386 U.S. 987, 87 S.Ct. 1283, 18 L.Ed.2d 241 (1967). In this case, the prosecution was required to prove every proper element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt. The fact that it was given the benefit of a presumption with respect to an improper element of the offense does not improperly shift a burden to appellant. Since the justification for the rule set out in Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, is not infringed upon, appellant’s constitutional rights were not prejudiced.

Affirmed.

1 . Appellant was sentenced to not less than two or more than six months in the county jail.

2 . Section 6-8-602, W.S.1977, in effect at the time of the incident read in pertinent part:

"Whoever knowingly and willfully obstructs, impedes, or interferes or attempts to obstruct, impede, or interfere, with any peace officer, or assaults any peace officer, while such officer is engaged in the lawful performance of his official duties is guilty of a misdemeanor

The statute has now been reworded and recodi-fied as § 6-5-204, W.S.1977 (June 1983 Replacement).

3 . The other case referred to by appellant, State v. Selig, Wyo., 635 P.2d 786 (1981), has no pertinency to the issue, and it was not cited in appellant’s brief.

4 . We adopted the rule set forth in Sandstrom v. Montana in Krucheck v. State, Wyo., 671 P.2d 1222 (1983).