Joseph Kudar, individually and as Trustee of the Joseph H. Kudar Revocable Trust under agreement dated June 13, 2003 Dorothy R. Kudar, individually and as Trustee of the Dorothy R. Kudar Revocable Trust under agreement dated June 13, 2003 Mary Kay Hatten and Lynn A. Hatten v. Larry J. Morgan, individually and as Trustee of the Larry J. Morgan Living Revocable Trust dated November 30, 1998

IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING
2022 WY 159OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2022
December 20, 2022
JOSEPH KUDAR, individually and as
Trustee of the Joseph H. Kudar Revocable
Trust under agreement dated June 13, 2003;
DOROTHY R. KUDAR, individually and
as Trustee of the Dorothy R. Kudar
Revocable Trust under agreement dated
June 13, 2003; MARY KAY HATTEN and
LYNN A. HATTEN,
Appellants
S-22-0041
(Defendants),
v.
LARRY J. MORGAN, individually and as
Trustee of the Larry J. Morgan Living
Revocable Trust dated November 30, 1998,
Appellee
(Plaintiff).
Appeal from the District Court of Teton County
The Honorable Timothy C. Day, Judge
Representing Appellants:
Matt Kim-Miller and Paula A. Fleck, Holland & Hart LLP, Jackson, Wyoming.
Argument by Mr. Kim-Miller.
Representing Appellee:
Mark D. Sullivan, Mark D. Sullivan, PC, Wilson, Wyoming. Argument by Mr.
Sullivan.
Before FOX, C.J., and KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, and FENN, JJ.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are
requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of
any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in the
permanent volume.
GRAY, Justice.
[¶1] Joseph and Dorothy Kudar (the Kudars) appeal from the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Larry Morgan, 1 on his claim of adverse possession of one-tenth of
an acre of the Kudars’ property. The Kudars claim the district court relied on contradictory
evidence regarding Mr. Morgan’s hostile use of the property and whether that use was
sufficient to put them on notice of an adverse possession claim. The Kudars also claim the
district court misinterpreted evidence of permissive use under the doctrine of “neighborly
accommodation.” They assert these errors preclude summary judgment. We affirm.
ISSUE
[¶2] Did the district court err in finding there were no genuine issues of material fact
calling Mr. Morgan’s claim of adverse possession into question?
FACTS
[¶3] The parties have been neighbors for decades. Mr. Morgan bought his lot in Teton
County in 1990, and shortly thereafter built a home on Long View Lane. The Kudars
bought the adjoining lot and home in 1991. Long View Lane is steep and twisted. The
houses along the lane sit at different elevations on heavily wooded lots. The Kudars’ lot
includes a steep, wooded hill. Their home and driveway are located at the bottom of its
slope. Mr. Morgan’s property is higher along the hill, and the hill continues up past his lot.
Until 2016, neither the Kudars nor Mr. Morgan were certain as to the exact boundaries of
their individual properties.
[¶4] In 1990, Mr. Morgan constructed a dirt driveway from Long View Lane to an area
near his house on relatively level terrain where he later built a garage. It is undisputed that,
from the outset, a portion of the driveway road was on the Kudars’ property. Mr. Morgan
lined the edge of the driveway with railroad ties. He later built a small garage at the end
of the driveway, and to the north of the driveway, he constructed a greenhouse and
established a garden. Around 2001, he hauled in dirt and planted a line of spruce trees
beyond the existing improvements. He, again, used railroad ties to establish a border on
the north edge of the trees. By 2002 he had expanded, graveled, and blacktopped the
driveway. In 2015 or 2016, he built a deck behind the greenhouse. All of these
improvements encroached on the Kudars’ property.
[¶5] At his deposition, Mr. Morgan testified that when he first built the garage, he
recalled Mr. Kudar “came up and asked [him] where our property line was.” Mr. Morgan
told Mr. Kudar that he didn’t know. Nothing more was said. Mr. Kudar does not remember
having that conversation.
1
All three parties sue on behalf of themselves or themselves as trustees of their individual revocable trusts.
1
[¶6] Mr. Kudar attested that before the trees had been planted—some time before 2003—
he was walking with another neighbor on his property when they discovered a metal survey
marker. Using the marker for reference, he eyeballed Mr. Morgan’s improvements and
determined they appeared to be on Mr. Morgan’s side of the property line. In 2016, Mr.
Kudar confronted Mr. Morgan after he saw Mr. Morgan clearing brush. Mr. Kudar
believed the activity may have been occurring on his property. He told Mr. Morgan to stop
throwing the cuttings onto his property below the area where Mr. Morgan was clearing.
[¶7] After this confrontation, Mr. Kudar called an engineering firm to survey the
property. The 2016 survey revealed that the marker Mr. Kudar had discovered prior to
2003 had apparently been moved and did not reflect the actual boundary between the
properties. 2 The survey revealed that all of Mr. Morgan’s improvements—the driveway,
garage, greenhouse, garden, and trees—encroached on the Kudars’ property.
[¶8] On learning this, Mr. Kudar called in a complaint to Teton County asserting that
Mr. Morgan’s garage structure and driveway were built outside Mr. Morgan’s property
line. On August 30, 2016, a code compliance officer wrote to Mr. Morgan notifying him,
among other things, that the driveway and garage were over his shared property line and
would require an easement. Mr. Kudar was told the area would be “red flag[ged],” which
Mr. Kudar understood to mean there is a problem with the property and no further
construction or building could take place until the problem was resolved. In response, Mr.
Morgan removed the deck and disassembled the greenhouse.
[¶9] After the 2016 complaint, Mr. Morgan and Mr. Kudar had several discussions where
Mr. Morgan offered to buy title or an easement for the continued use of the disputed
property. Mr. Kudar rejected all offers. Negotiations ended when, in the fall of 2020, Mr.
Kudar placed fence posts in the blacktopped driveway along the newly surveyed property
line. The fence posts prevented Mr. Morgan’s use of the driveway. When Mr. Morgan
discovered the posts, he “gave up trying to buy the dirt” and obtained his own survey. The
Kudars had the property resurveyed to confirm the boundaries.
[¶10] Mr. Morgan filed a Complaint requesting a declaratory judgment quieting title of
the disputed land to Mr. Morgan based on adverse possession. He later filed a Motion for
Summary Judgment, and the Kudars filed a cross Motion for Summary Judgment. The
district court granted summary judgment in favor of Mr. Morgan on December 28, 2021. 3
The Kudars appeal.
2
There is no allegation that Mr. Morgan was involved in the movement of the marker.
3
The district court held a hearing on the summary judgment motions on December 9, 2021. The transcript
of that hearing is not included in the appellate record.
2
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[¶11] Our standard of review on motions for summary judgment is well established.
We review decisions on summary judgment de novo,
affording no deference to the district court’s ruling. The party
moving for summary judgment bears the burden of
establishing a prima facie case and showing “there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” W.R.C.P. 56(a). If
the movant meets his initial burden, the opposing party is
obligated to respond with materials beyond the pleadings to
show a genuine issue of material fact. “A material fact is one
that would have the effect of establishing or refuting an
essential element of the cause of action or defense asserted by
the parties.” We “evaluate the record ‘from the viewpoint most
favorable to the party opposing the motion for summary
judgment, giving that party all the favorable inferences which
may be drawn from the facts contained in affidavits,
depositions, and other materials appearing in the record.’”
We review summary judgment claims for adverse
possession with “more exacting scrutiny” because they “are
inherently fact-intensive,” viewing them in the same light,
using the same materials, and following the same legal
standards as the court below.
Woodward v. Valvoda, 2021 WY 5, ¶¶ 12–13, 478 P.3d 1189, 1196 (Wyo. 2021) (citations
omitted).
ANALYSIS
[¶12] The Kudars claim that Mr. Morgan cannot show adverse possession because there
is, at a minimum, a factual question as to whether Mr. Morgan’s use of the property was
permissive under the theory of neighborly accommodation.
[¶13] We start with a brief review of adverse possession and the shifting burdens of proof
imposed by law. We then review Mr. Morgan’s prima facie case of adverse possession
and finally, the Kudars’ assertion that Mr. Morgan’s use was permissive. White v. Wheeler,
2017 WY 146, ¶ 16, 406 P.3d 1241, 1246 (Wyo. 2017).
3
A. Adverse Possession Elements and Presumptions
[¶14] Adverse possession claims are not favored in the law, and “a presumption in favor
of the record title holder” exists, unless and until the adverse claimant makes out his prima
facie case. Little Med. Creek Ranch, Inc. v. D’Elia, 2019 WY 103, ¶ 18, 450 P.3d 222,
228 (Wyo. 2019) (quoting Braunstein v. Robinson Fam. Ltd. P’ship LLP, 2010 WY 26,
¶ 17, 226 P.3d 826, 833 (Wyo. 2010) (quoting Hillard v. Marshall, 888 P.2d 1255, 1261
(Wyo. 1995))).
[¶15] To establish adverse possession, the claimant “must show actual, open, notorious,
exclusive and continuous possession of the disputed parcel which is hostile and under claim
of right or color of title.” Graybill v. Lampman, 2014 WY 100, ¶ 27, 332 P.3d 511, 519
(Wyo. 2014) (citing Helm v. Clark, 2010 WY 168, ¶ 8, 244 P.3d 1052, 1057 (Wyo. 2010)).
This possession must continue for the statutory period of ten years set out in Wyo. Stat.
Ann. § 1-3-103.
[¶16] “The test for adverse possession . . . imposes shifting burdens upon the parties.”
Graybill, ¶ 27, 332 P.3d at 519–20. Once a claimant makes the required prima facie
showing, the presumption shifts to one in favor of the adverse possession claimant, Little
Med. Creek Ranch, ¶ 18, 450 P.3d at 228, and “the burden shifts back to the record title
holder who must produce evidence contrary to the presumption by showing that the
claimant’s possession was permissive.” Id. (quoting Braunstein, ¶ 17, 226 P.3d at 833).
“If the title holder can do that, then it becomes a question of weight and credibility to be
determined by the trier of fact.” Little Med. Creek Ranch, ¶ 18, 450 P.3d at 228 (quoting
Braunstein, ¶ 17, 226 P.3d at 833); Graybill, ¶ 27, 332 P.3d at 520.
1. Mr. Morgan’s Prima Facie Case of Adverse Possession
a. Actual and Exclusive Possession
[¶17] The requirement of actual possession does not depend on any particular act or use.
Actual possession depends on the character of the land and the use which can reasonably
be made of it. Graybill, ¶ 28, 332 P.3d at 520 (citing Davis v. Chadwick, 2002 WY 157,
¶ 11, 55 P.3d 1267, 1271 (Wyo. 2002)). The Kudars do not dispute that Mr. Morgan used
the disputed property to build and expand his driveway, to erect a garage to store his boat
and park his van, construct a greenhouse with an extended garden, and plant a line of trees.
These are the type of actions that are consistent with those which would ordinarily be
exercised by an owner in using land to the exclusion of others. See Woodward, ¶ 21, 478
P.3d at 1199 (“Such acts include, but are not limited to, erecting buildings on the land,
planting vegetation, maintaining and improving the property, watering and mowing, and
using the land for family gatherings.” (citing Graybill, ¶¶ 30–32, 332 P.3d at 520–21; 3
Am. Jur. 2d Adverse Possession § 60 (database updated Nov. 2020))). There is no evidence
4
showing that anyone other than Mr. Morgan or his guests used or maintained the disputed
property for over ten years. Mr. Morgan established actual and exclusive possession.
b. Open, Notorious, and Continuous
[¶18] “The acts of dominion over land claimed to be adversely possessed must be so open
and notorious as to put an ordinarily prudent owner on notice that the land is being used by
another as his or her property.” Woodward, ¶ 21, 478 P.3d at 1198–99 (quoting Graybill,
¶ 30, 332 P.3d at 520).
[¶19] The Kudars assert that the topography of the lots and Mr. Morgan’s use weigh
against open and notorious possession. They argue the property was steep and choked with
bushes. The Kudars could not clearly see what, if any, use Mr. Morgan might be making
of the disputed property. Consequently, Mr. Morgan’s use could not be open or notorious.
However, Mr. Kudar attested that, while he had not made many visits to that portion of the
property, he did “go up there once a year to clean it up.” The Kudars do not claim that they
did not know about the improvements or that Mr. Morgan was in any way secretive about
his activities. Mr. Morgan’s use of the disputed parcel was “open and notorious in that
anyone, including [the Kudars], could and should have seen it.” Graybill, ¶ 32, 332 P.3d
at 521.
c. Hostile
[¶20] Possession or use that is hostile and under a claim of right is an assertion of
ownership so adverse to, incompatible with, and in defiance of, the rights of the true owner
“that an ordinarily prudent owner would be on clear notice that his ownership is in
jeopardy, that the claimant intends to possess the property as his own, and that the owner
should take some action to protect his title.” Galiher v. Johnson, 2017 WY 31, ¶ 20, 391
P.3d 1101, 1106 (Wyo. 2017) (Galiher I) (citing Graybill, ¶ 36, 332 P.3d at 522). A claim
of ownership may arise by mistake or by will. Graybill, ¶ 36, 332 P.3d at 522. Hostile use
does not require an intent to acquire ownership of another’s property “akin to lining up
Spartans at Thermopylae.” Id. It is simply “an assertion of ownership adverse to that of
the record owner.” Id. The claimant “must introduce evidence that such intent was
objectively made manifest by his observable words or actions.” O’Hare v. Hulme, 2020
WY 31, ¶ 19, 458 P.3d 1225, 1234 (Wyo. 2020) (quoting Galiher I, ¶ 21, 391 P.3d at 1106).
Mr. Morgan established his use was hostile—an ordinary prudent owner was on notice that
Mr. Morgan intended to, and did, possess the property as his own.
[¶21] The Kudars argue that a misplaced survey marker defeats Mr. Morgan’s claim of
hostile use. It is undisputed that neither the Kudars nor Mr. Morgan knew the exact
boundary of their properties until 2016. The Kudars assert that their reliance on the
incorrectly located survey marker distinguishes this situation from other mistaken
boundary cases. See Murdock v. Zier, 2006 WY 80, ¶ 15, 137 P.3d 147, 151 (Wyo. 2006)
5
(“[W]hen a man has occupied . . . ground, though under a mistaken belief as to the true
boundary, for the period prescribed by law, openly, notoriously, [and] exclusively, . . . the
presumption . . . , in the absence of explanatory circumstances[, is] that he occupied the
land adversely . . . .”). The Kudars claim that prior to the discovery of the actual boundary
in 2016, the Kudars were “essentially defrauded . . . by a third party,” therefore “adverse
possession . . . ran from the 2016 discovery of the survey error,” defeating the ten year
statutory time frame for adverse possession. They cite to Maeberry v. Gayle, 955 S.W.2d
875 (Tex. App. 1997). In Maeberry, an uncle asked his nephew to sign documents and
told him the documents were legal papers relating to a guardianship when they were in
reality a property deed. The nephew did not discover that he had a possible claim against
his uncle until about ten years later. Maeberry, 955 S.W.2d at 877. The court held that the
uncle’s fraud prevented the running of the adverse possession under a theory of estoppel.
Id. at 882. The present case contains no similar facts. The Kudars do not claim Mr. Morgan
knew of the survey marker, or that he had any connection to its misplacement. Estoppel
does not apply to Mr. Kudars’ mistaken belief that Mr. Morgan’s improvements were not
on his property, and the mistaken boundary does not defeat Mr. Morgan’s claim that his
possession was hostile.
[¶22] Mr. Morgan established an undisputed prima facie claim of adverse possession, and
the burden shifted to the Kudars to rebut his claim.
2. The Kudars’ Rebuttal
[¶23] An “adverse possession claimant cannot succeed if his use of the property was
permissive[.]” O’Hare, ¶ 20, 458 P.3d at 1234. “If the title holder can [prove] that, then
it becomes a question of weight and credibility to be determined by the trier of fact.” Id.
(quoting Braunstein, ¶ 17, 226 P.3d at 833). The Kudars claim Mr. Morgan’s use of the
disputed property was under a grant of express permission and/or implied permission under
the doctrine of neighborly accommodation.
a. Express Permission
[¶24] “To support a finding of permissive use, [the Kudars] must establish that he or she
actually communicated, either explicitly or implicitly, to the adverse claimant that he or
she was allowing the adverse claimant to use the disputed property at his or her sufferance.”
Whitman v. Denzik, 882 N.E.2d 260, 269 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (emphasis added). In this
case, Mr. Kudar testified that Mr. Morgan did not ask for permission, nor did the Kudars
grant permission for any of Mr. Morgan’s activities prior to 2016. However, the Kudars
assert express permission was given when Mr. Kudar told his son-in-law he didn’t care if
the spruce trees were on his land because they hid his view of Mr. Morgan’s home. Mr.
Kudar’s conversation with his son-in-law does not equate to giving permission to Mr.
Morgan. It “does not establish anything other than [Mr. Kudar’s] state of mind, which is
insufficient to demonstrate permissive use.” Whitman, 882 N.E.2d at 269; see also
6
Woodward, ¶ 29, 478 P.3d at 1200 (“The record shows no owner of the Valvoda property
asked for or received permission from anyone to use the window wells.” (emphasis
added)).
[¶25] The Kudars also direct us to a conversation between Mr. Kudar and Mr. Morgan at
some point after the trees were planted. Mr. Kudar could not remember the date but
remembered he had an encounter with Mr. Morgan over Mr. Morgan’s “cutting stuff and
throwing it down on my property.” When Mr. Morgan said, “Well, I also planted the trees,”
Mr. Kudar responded, “Well, if you want ‘em, I’ll cut ‘em down and give ‘em back to
you.” The Kudars assert that, ironically, Mr. Kudar’s failure to follow through on his offer
to cut the trees was actually “express recognition of the permission granted by the Kudars
for the trees.”
[¶26] Assuming this conversation occurred before the trees had been on the property for
ten years, we cannot construe Mr. Kudar’s threat to cut down the trees as permission for
Mr. Morgan to use the property—express or otherwise.
B. Implied Permission
[¶27] In Little Med. Creek Ranch, we reviewed the application of implied permission
under the doctrine of neighborly accommodation as recognized by our precedent:
In Galiher v. Johnson, 2018 WY 145, 432 P.3d 502(Wyo. 2018) (Galiher II), we synthesized the rules regarding
neighborly accommodation and elaborated on the distinction
between neighbors and strangers under the rule. We
unequivocally acknowledged that “a neighborly
accommodation should defeat a claim of adverse possession
and ‘to hold otherwise would be to adjudge that common
neighborliness may only be indulged under penalty of
encumbering one’s property.’” Galiher II, ¶ 20, 432 P.3d at
512 (quoting Gray v. Fitzhugh, 576 P.2d 88, 90 (Wyo. 1978)).
Then we explained that adverse possession disputes between
neighbors are different than those involving strangers because
of “the special relationship that often exists between
neighbors.” Id. ¶ 21, 432 P.3d at 512 (citing James C. Smith,
Neighboring Property Owner, § 6:1 (November 2018 update)).
Neighbors, unlike strangers, “normally have some sort of
social relationship or contact, whether friendly or otherwise.
Generally, neighbors treat one another differently because of
their status as neighbors.” Id. Accordingly, “[a] ‘neighborly
accommodation’ simply cannot be assumed—there must be
7
evidence of communication or joint activity which
demonstrates such an accommodation.” Id.
Little Med. Creek Ranch, ¶¶ 22–24, 450 P.3d at 229–30. As pointed out supra ¶ 24, Mr.
Kudar testified that Mr. Morgan did not ask for permission nor did the Kudars grant
permission for any of Mr. Morgan’s activities prior to 2016. The Kudars now claim that
Mr. Morgan’s use of the disputed property was not hostile because they had permitted the
use as a neighborly accommodation.
[¶28] First, the Kudars argue the evidence demonstrates that the use started out as
impliedly permissive because “neither party really cared where the exact boundary was,
. . .” and Mr. Kudar affirmed that neither party knew the exact boundary until 2016. An
owner cannot demonstrate he granted permission to use land he does not know he owns.
See 2 C.J.S. Adverse Possession § 81, at 581 (2013) (“Possession cannot be permissive, for
purposes of an adverse possession claim, if neither the owner nor the possessor knows there
is any encroachment.” (citing McNeil v. Ketchens, 931 N.E.2d 224, 239 (Ill. App. Ct.
2010))); 68 Am. Jur. Proof of Facts 3d Permissive Possession or Use of Land, As Defeating
Claim of Adverse Possession or Prescriptive Easement, at 239 (2002).
[¶29] It is well established that a landowner’s passive acquiescence to another’s use of his
land is not evidence of permissive use. “Permission is an act of commission, not omission.”
Woodward, ¶ 29, 478 P.3d at 1200) (quoting Galiher v. Johnson, 2018 WY 145, ¶ 13, 432
P.3d 502, 510 (Wyo. 2018) (Galiher II) (quoting Brennan v. Manchester Crossings, Inc.,
708 A.2d 815, 823 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1998))). Id. (“[A property owner] cannot sit passively,
knowing of the adverse use and, then, claim to have given permission implicitly to the
adverse possessor by his failure to object.” (quoting Galiher II, ¶ 13, 432 P.3d at 510)). “A
‘neighborly accommodation’ simply cannot be assumed—there must be evidence of
communication or joint activity which demonstrates such an accommodation.” Galiher II,
¶ 21, 432 P.3d at 512. See also Gulas v. Tirone, 2009-Ohio-5076, ¶ 25, 919 N.E.2d 833,
839–40 (Ct. App.) (The court observed the property owner was correct that a use is not
adverse if the landowner gave permission as a neighborly accommodation. On the other
hand, the court said, “a use does not necessarily become permissive simply because the
property owner does nothing to prevent it out of indifference, laziness, acquiescence, or
‘neighborly accommodation.’” (quoting Shell Oil Co. v. Deval Co., No. C-980783, 1999
WL 741814, at *4 (Ohio Ct. App. Sept. 24, 1999))).
[¶30] There is no evidence of communication between the Kudars and Mr. Morgan
creating permissive use. No permission was asked for or given to Mr. Morgan to establish
his driveway which was exclusively used by him. See Dault v. Shaw, 322 P.3d 84, 85
(Alaska 2013) (Presumption that the use of a private drive across the property of another
is permissive does not apply where a drive was not originally established by the other
property’s owner for his or her own use.). No permission was given for him to construct a
garage, greenhouse, garden, and deck for his exclusive use. No permission was given for
8
him to store building materials and equipment or to plant trees on the disputed property.
There is no evidence of “joint activity” on the property such as a shared driveway or shared
maintenance of the roads. There is no history of neighborly cooperation and
accommodation attached to Mr. Morgan’s use of the disputed property. There is no
evidence that, prior to 2016, the Kudars objected to Mr. Morgan’s use of the property other
than to object to his disposal of “junk” on the Kudar property not subject to the adverse
possession claim. As our case law makes clear, passive forbearance of a continuous, open,
and exclusive adverse use for over ten years cannot be the basis for a claim of neighborly
accommodation sufficient to defeat a claim of adverse possession. The Kudars’ silence for
over ten years, while Mr. Morgan used the disputed property as he wished, is not evidence
of a neighborly accommodation.
[¶31] The Kudars failed to produce any evidence that Mr. Morgan’s use of the property
was permissive. They did not meet their burden to rebut Mr. Morgan’s prima facia case of
adverse possession.
CONCLUSION
[¶32] Mr. Morgan established a prima facie claim of adverse possession which the Kudars
failed to rebut. There is no genuine issue of material fact. The district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Mr. Morgan is affirmed.
9