Ham v. Ayers

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
)
DONALD KAY HAM, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Case No. 15-1390 (RMC)
)
STEPHEN T. AYERS, In His Official )
Capacity, Architect of the )
Capitol, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
____________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Donald Kay Ham worked for the Architect of the Capitol as a sheet metal
mechanic from 1991 to 2015. Mr. Ham now sues his former employer, alleging that he suffered
a hostile work environment in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, made applicable
to the Congress by the Congressional Accountability Act. The parties cross move for summary
judgment, arguing over whether Mr. Ham’s complaint of a hostile work environment was legally
sufficient for the case he now wants to present.
On July 23, 2013, Mr. Ham filed a request for counseling with the Congressional
Office of Compliance complaining of “harassment—hostile work environment” arising out of a
single incident on July 17, 2013. In this Court, he has identified additional incidents contributing
to the alleged hostile work environment that all occurred after July 2013, but which were never
raised in counseling or mediation before the Congressional Office of Compliance.
The Court finds that Mr. Ham’s initial complaint of a hostile work environment
was infirm because it was based on a single disagreement with his supervisor. Without a viable
complaint of a continuous, severe, and pervasive hostile environment as of July 23, the later
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incidents of which Mr. Ham complains were not administratively exhausted and the Court is
without jurisdiction to hear his case.
I. FACTS
The facts have been previously discussed in two prior opinions by this Court, see
Ham v. Ayers, 229 F. Supp. 3d 32, 34-36 (D.D.C. 2017) (Ham I); Ham v. Ayers, 318 F. Supp. 3d
296, 298-99 (D.D.C. 2018) (Ham II), and only those facts necessary to the current issue are
recited.
Plaintiff Donald Kay Ham worked as a sheet metal mechanic for the Architect of
the Capitol (AOC), a congressional office, between 1991 and 2015. See Def.’s Statement of
Undisputed Material Facts (AOC SOF) [Dkt. 53] ¶¶ 1, 17. Mr. Ham alleges that he is an
individual with a disability as defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 42
U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., which applied to his job with the AOC through the Congressional
Accountability Act (CAA), 2 U.S.C. § 1301 et seq. Mr. Ham asserts that his supervisors knew
that he suffered from various physical ailments that affected his work: he testified that he
notified AOC that he suffered from sleep apnea when he first began working there in 1991,
although he never sought an accommodation for it, see Ex. 1, Def.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ.
J., Depo. of Donald Kay Ham (Ham Depo.) [Dkt. 53-1] at 69-70; and after a May 2007
examination by Washington Occupational Health Associates, Inc. (WOHA), Mr. Ham received a
certificate indicating that his lung functions were abnormal, see Ex. 4, Pl.’s First Mot. for Summ.
J., WOHA Employee Certification [Dkt. 44-5] at 1.
Under the CAA, an employee of Congress must first seek counseling on any
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) complaint; failing a satisfactory resolution, the employee
must seek mediation of his complaint(s); only then, after these steps are completed, can an
employee bring suit. On July 23, 2013, Mr. Ham filed a Formal Request for Counseling with the
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Congressional Office of Compliance. See Ex. 3, Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss, Formal Request
for Counseling (Counseling Request) [Dkt. 16-3] at 1. His Counseling Request identified the
following complaints: discrimination due to race, color, age, and disability, unfair evaluation,
demotion, and “harassment—hostile work environment.” Id. at 1-2. The Counseling Request
due to a hostile work environment identified a single incident on July 17, 2013, in which his
supervisor refused to allow him to take a break and “threatened” him. See id. at 2 (alleging that
Mr. Cole engaged in “harassment—hostile work environment—Mr. Cole would not allow me to
take a break; Mr. Cole threatened me”). On or about September 11, 2013, Mr. Ham requested
mediation. See Ex. 2, Pl.’s Opp’n to Mot. to Dismiss, Notice of Invocation of Mediation
(Mediation Request) [Dkt. 16-2] at 1. The Mediation Request did not specify the issues Mr.
Ham sought to mediate, but instead recounted the issues on which Mr. Ham had requested
counseling in July 2013. See id. (“Mr. Ham formally requested counseling on July 23, 2013,
alleging denial of reasonable accommodation, unfair evaluation, demotion, unfair terms and
conditions, disparate treatment, and harassment because of race, age, color, disability, and
retaliation, in violation of sections 201 and 207 of the Congressional Accountability Act.”
(emphasis added)).
Mr. Ham retired in July 2015, allegedly due to the harassment by his supervisors.
See Ham Depo. at 75. He filed the instant Complaint on August 26, 2015 against Stephen T.
Ayers, in his official capacity as the Architect of the Capitol. See Compl. [Dkt. 1]. Mr. Ham
brought four counts against the AOC: (1) Discrimination Due to Disability; (2) Constructive
Discharge Due to Violation of the ADA; (3) Hostile Work Environment; and (4) Retaliation. See
id. ¶¶ 105-51. On May 17, 2016, the AOC moved to dismiss counts I, II, and IV on the grounds
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that Mr. Ham had failed to complete the administrative processes of the CAA; this Court granted
the motion on January 10, 2017. See Ham I, 229 F. Supp. 3d 32.
Following discovery, both parties moved for summary judgment and the Court
denied both motions without prejudice, asking the parties to re-brief and focus on the question of
whether Mr. Ham’s hostile work environment was exhausted. See Ham II, 318 F. Supp. 3d 296.
Both parties’ renewed motions for summary judgment are now ripe. 1
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Motion for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the
litigation. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is
“genuine” if there is sufficient admissible evidence such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the non-moving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007).
The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial responsibility of
identifying portions of the record which demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of
material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c)(1)(A) (providing that the movant may cite to “depositions, documents, electronically
stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations . . . , admissions, interrogatory
answers, or other materials”). In response, the non-moving party must similarly designate
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See Def.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. 53]; Pl.’s Revised Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. 55];
Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (Ham Mem.) [Dkt. 55-1]; Def.’s Mem. of
Law in Opp’n to Pl.’s Revised Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. 57]; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Relevant Facts
that are Not in Legitimate Dispute [Dkt. 57-1]; Pl.’s Reply (Ham Reply) [Dkt. 59].
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specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue for trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. On
a motion for summary judgment, a court must analyze all facts and inferences in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. However, to the extent the
non-moving party relies on conclusory assertions offered without evidentiary support, such
assertions do not establish a genuine issue for trial. See Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675
(D.C. Cir. 1999).
B. Congressional Accountability Act
The Congressional Accountability Act extended the protections of thirteen civil
rights, labor, and workplace safety and health laws to the Congress and Legislative Branch
agencies, including the AOC. See 2 U.S.C. §§ 1301(5), 1302(a). An employee covered under
the CAA may commence a civil action “only to seek redress for a violation for which the
employee has completed counseling and mediation.” 2 U.S.C. § 1408(a); see also Gordon v.
Office of the Architect of the Capitol, 750 F. Supp. 2d 82, 89-90 (D.D.C. 2010). An employee
must make a request for counseling within 180 days of an alleged violation. See 2 U.S.C.
§ 1402(a). Therefore, before an employee may file a court complaint he must (1) make a request
for counseling within 180 days of the alleged violation and (2) complete counseling and
mediation for each alleged violation. See Gordon, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 92-93 (“This Court has
also held that the completion of counseling and mediation for one set of violations does not give
the court jurisdiction over related claims of retaliation that occurred after counseling had
commenced; the administrative remedies must be exhausted for each claim.”); Halcomb v. Office
of the Senate Sergeant-at-Arms, 209 F. Supp. 2d 175, 177-79 (D.D.C. 2002) (“Because the
language of the CAA provision at issue in this case clearly confers jurisdiction to this Court only
if plaintiff has satisfied the administrative prerequisites to filing suit, the Court holds that
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plaintiff’s claim of retaliation must be dismissed for failure to exhaust her administrative
remedies.”).
C. Hostile Work Environment
The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against “a qualified
individual on the basis of disability in regard to . . . the hiring, advancement, or discharge of
employees . . . and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 12112(a). The CAA extended the ADA to the AOC. See 2 U.S.C. § 1311(a)(3). The D.C.
Circuit has not yet addressed the question of whether a hostile work environment claim is
available under the ADA, but the Court, like others before it, will not answer that question to
determine the legitimacy of the underlying hostile work environment claim. See Hill v. Assocs.
for Renewal in Educ., Inc., 897 F.3d 232, 236 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (noting that the defendant “did
not raise whether a hostile-work-environment claim is available under the ADA, a question that
this Court has not yet decided and that we do not reach here”); cf. Lanman v. Johnson Cty., 393
F.3d 1151, 1155-56 (10th Cir. 2004) (joining three other circuits in holding that the ADA’s
incorporation of language from Title VII shows Congress’s intent to allow hostile-work-
environment claims to proceed under the ADA). To establish a hostile work environment, an
employee must allege facts sufficient to demonstrate that the harassment is “sufficiently severe
or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment.” Durant v. Dist. of Columbia
Gov’t, 875 F.3d 685, 700 (D.C. Cir. 2017).
A plaintiff pleading a hostile work environment claim must show
that he was exposed to “‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and
insult’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions
of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working
environment.’” To assess a claim of hostile work environment, the
court considers “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its
severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a
mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes
with an employee’s work performance.”
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Id. (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993); Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v.
Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65, 67 (1986)). There is no bright-line test for a hostile work environment
and a plaintiff need not show psychological harm or any specific adverse employment outcome.
See Harris, 510 U.S. at 23. “To determine whether a hostile work environment exists, the court
looks to the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct,
its severity, its offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work performance.”
Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Faragher v. City of Boca
Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787-88 (1998)).
III. ANALYSIS
The CAA extends the protections of multiple federal workplace statutes,
including the ADA, to employees of the Congress which includes the AOC. See Hyson v.
Architect of the Capitol, 802 F. Supp. 2d 84, 89 (D.D.C. 2011). The CAA waives the sovereign
immunity of the Legislative Branch and is, therefore, strictly construed. See 2 U.S.C. § 1408(a);
Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996) (waiver of sovereign immunity will be strictly
construed). As relevant here, a congressional employee must fully comply with the pre-litigation
administrative process mandated by the statute before filing suit. Blackmon-Malloy v. U.S.
Capitol Police Bd., 575 F.3d 699, 705-06 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (stating that “it is apparent from the
plain terms of the [CAA’s] text that Congress intended counseling and mediation to be
jurisdictional requirements”).
Mr. Ham recognizes that there is a three-step process under the CAA—consisting
of filing a complaint, going through counseling, and requesting mediation—“that must occur
prior to the filing of a complaint in federal district court . . . or a federal court has no jurisdiction
to hear the case.” Ham Mem. at 1-2. Critically, “the completion of counseling and mediation for
one set of violations does not give the court jurisdiction over related claims of retaliation that
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occurred after counseling had commenced; the administrative remedies must be exhausted for
each claim.” Schmidt v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd., 826 F. Supp. 2d 59, 66-67 (D.D.C. 2011)
(quoting Gordon, 750 F. Supp. 2d at 92-93 (additional citation omitted)).
Mr. Ham’s request for counseling due to a hostile work environment identified a
single incident on July 17, 2013, in which his supervisor refused to allow him to take a break and
“threatened” him. See Counseling Request at 2 (alleging that Mr. Cole engaged in
“harassment—hostile work environment—Mr. Cole would not allow me to take a break; Mr.
Cole threatened me”). Mr. Ham has identified other actions taken by his supervisors, which he
believes contributed to the hostile work environment, which occurred after July 23, 2013 and
which were not a part of the counseling and mediation conducted with the Congressional Office
of Compliance. See Ham II, 318 F. Supp. 3d at 302 (quoting Mr. Ham’s first motion for
summary judgment where he admits the other acts occurred after July 2013). The relevant
question, therefore, is whether the Court may consider events that occurred after the counseling
and mediation—unexhausted events—in determining whether Mr. Ham has a valid claim of
hostile work environment.
Mr. Ham contends that his complaint of a hostile work environment is not limited
by the statutory period for filing claims and may include later events. Indeed, with respect to
allegations of a continuing violation, such as a hostile work environment, the Supreme Court has
held that “[p]rovided that an act contributing to the claim occurs within the filing period, the
entire time period of the hostile environment may be considered by a court for the purposes of
determining liability.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 117 (2002). The
context in which the Court was speaking was a record which showed discriminatory acts prior to
the 180-day period for filing a charge as well as within the 180 days. Id. at 116-17. Morgan
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allowed plaintiff to look backwards and include in a timely complaint incidents that would
otherwise be time barred because “the ‘unlawful employment practice’ . . . occurs over a series
of days or perhaps years and, in direct contrast to discrete acts, a single act of harassment may
not be actionable on its own.” Schmidt, 826 F. Supp. 2d at 68 (quoting Morgan, 536 U.S. at
115).
Although Morgan only dealt with the consideration of instances that occurred
prior to the statute of limitations period, Judges on this Court have also applied the rule to
instances that occur after the initial EEO complaint has been instigated. See Leach v. Nat’l R.R.
Passenger Corp., 128 F. Supp 3d 146, 153-54 (D.D.C. 2015) (permitting inclusion of
unexhausted claims because plaintiff’s “hostile-workplace claim is ‘like or reasonably related’ to
the allegations contained in her EEOC charge” (quoting Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 907
(D.C. Cir. 1995))); Green v. Small, No. 05-1055, 2006 WL 148740, at *7 (D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2006)
(permitting plaintiff to use unexhausted claims of hostile work environment and citing Morgan
for the proposition that “a hostile work environment claim is composed of a series of separate
acts that collectively constitute one ‘unlawful employment practice”’). However, in those
instances in which a court has permitted the use of later acts to support a hostile work
environment claim, the plaintiff’s original—and exhausted—claim alleged an ongoing violation
and the later acts were “adequately linked into a coherent hostile environment claim.” Ramsey v.
Moniz, 75 F. Supp. 3d 29, 56 (D.D.C. 2014); see also Leach, 128 F. Supp. 3d at 153-54
(requiring the later claims to be “like or reasonably related” to the allegations that were
exhausted); Green, 2006 WL 148740, at *7 (noting the later allegations of sexual harassment
were consistent with the allegation that the supervisor engaged in a “pattern of sexual harassment
sufficient to create a hostile work environment”).
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Mr. Ham’s case is distinguishable from the above instances when courts permitted
later events to be considered after an exhausted claim. Mr. Ham’s original Request for
Counseling complained of a hostile work environment because on July 17, 2013 his supervisor
did not permit him a break and threatened him. No further facts were provided and his Request
did not allege an ongoing violation. “The purpose of the administrative exhaustion requirement
is to ensure that an agency has notice of a claim and an opportunity to rectify the employee’s
complaint.” Nurriddin v. Goldin, 382 F. Supp. 2d 79, 92 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing Brown v. Marsh,
777 F.2d 8, 14 (D.C. Cir. 1985)). As the facts in the above-discussed cases make clear, the
defendants had timely notice of an alleged continuous violation and so the purpose of
administrative exhaustion was satisfied. Here, Mr. Ham identified only a single incident that he
complained had created a hostile work environment. While he might individually have felt that
his supervisor was “hostile” to him on that occasion, this single incident did not put the AOC on
notice of an alleged continuing violation. Such notice is a requirement of the CAA before the
Congress waives its immunity and an employee can sue. Thus, Mr. Ham’s very limited Request
for Counseling on July 23, 2013 cannot serve to render later incidents of alleged harassment
actionable. And, since Mr. Ham did not exhaust his administrative remedies concerning the
alleged hostile work environment after July 23, the Court is without jurisdiction to consider that
claim or hear that evidence.
As the prior discussion presages, Mr. Ham’s allegation of a hostile work
environment as of July 23, 2013 cannot proceed to trial as a stand-alone allegation. A plaintiff
asserting a hostile work environment claim under the ADA must establish: (1) that he is disabled
or perceived as disabled; (2) that he was subjected to unwelcome harassment; (3) that the
harassment occurred because of his disability; (4) that the harassment affected a term, condition,
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or privilege of employment; and (5) that there is a basis for holding the employer liable. See
Floyd v. Office of Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, 85 F. Supp. 3d 482, 516-17 (D.D.C. 2015).
To prevail on such a claim, “a plaintiff must show that his employer subjected
him to ‘discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult’ that is ‘sufficiently severe or pervasive
to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.’”
Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201 (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (additional citations omitted)). “To
determine whether a hostile work environment exists, the court looks to the totality of the
circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its
offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. (citing
Faragher, 524 U.S. at 787-88). “[N]o violation is present ‘if the victim does not subjectively
perceive the environment to be abusive’ or if the conduct ‘is not severe or pervasive enough to
create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment.’” Ware v. Hyatt Corp., 80 F. Supp.
3d 218, 226 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 21-22).
Single incidents are rarely severe or pervasive enough to constitute a hostile work
environment. The D.C. Circuit has found that a single use of the “n” word addressed to an
African American can suffice. See Ayissi-Etoh v. Fannie Mae, 712 F.3d 572, 577 (D.C. Cir.
2013). Mr. Ham cites cases in which “a single physical act—such as a physical assault—can
create a hostile work environment.” Ham Mem. at 10 (citing Turnbull v. Topeka State Hosp.,
255 F.3d 1238, 1243 (10th Cir. 2001) (sexual assault); Smith v. Sheahan, 189 F.3d 529, 534 (7th
Cir. 1999) (“extremely serious acts of harassment”); Tomka v. Swiler Corp., 66 F.3d 1295, 1305
(2d Cir. 1995) (single incident of sexual assault)). Mr. Ham argues that he endured “numerous
incidents of dangerous acts,” id. at 10, and that he was “subjected to conduct that required him to
work in dangerous environments, using dangerous techniques, deprived of necessary precautions
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and subjected to daily insult, assault, and ridicule.” Ham Reply at 6. However, all of this
alleged behavior “occurred after July 2013, when Plaintiff filed his request for counseling.”
Ham II, 318 F. Supp. 3d at 302 (quoting Mr. Ham’s first motion for summary judgment).
Unfortunately, despite the Court’s admonition to the parties “to include dates or timeframes and
citations to the record for every factual assertion made in their briefs,” id. at 303 n.2, Mr. Ham’s
renewed motion for summary judgment contains no citations to the record or dates upon which
he alleges the “dangerous techniques” and “dangerous acts” occurred. Mere allegations without
record support, such as these, do not create a genuine dispute over a material fact and are
insufficient to overcome a motion for summary judgment. Greene, 164 F.3d at 675.
Thus, the only incident that is relevant to the alleged hostile work environment
before Mr. Ham sought counseling on July 23, 2013 was the single occasion on July 17, 2013
when his supervisor refused to let him take a break and was threatening. This incident was
neither “severe [n]or pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile or abusive environment,”
Harris, 510 U.S. at 21. The alleged violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act will be
dismissed.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, the government’s motion for summary judgment
will be granted and Mr. Ham’s motion will be denied. A memorializing Order accompanies this
Memorandum Opinion.
Date: March 14, 2019
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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