United States v. Glispie

2020 IL 125483
IN THE
SUPREME COURT
OF
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
(Docket No. 125483)
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. JEREMY GLISPIE, Appellant.
Opinion filed September 24, 2020.
JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Kilbride, Garman, Karmeier, Neville,
and Michael J. Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit certified the
following question of law to this court: “Whether, and if so under what
circumstances, the limited-authority doctrine[ 1] applies to [Illinois’s] residential
1
The limited authority doctrine provides that the “authority to enter a building for a specific
lawful purpose is vitiated when the wrongdoer departs from that purpose and commits a felony or
theft.” People v. Wilson, 155 Ill. 2d 374, 376 (1993).
burglary statute, 720 ILCS 5/19-3.” We answer the certified question in the
affirmative, holding that the limited authority doctrine applies to residential
burglary by entry.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Jeremy Glispie has four prior convictions for residential burglary in Illinois,
having pled guilty to knowingly and without authority entering into other people’s
dwelling places to commit thefts. In January 2018, the government charged him
with possessing a firearm as a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (2012).
Glispie again pled guilty. Nonetheless, expecting the government to designate him
as an armed career criminal based on the earlier convictions for residential burglary,
Glispie reserved his right to challenge the designation.
¶4 The Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984 (Act) (18 U.S.C. § 924(e) (2012))
increases the sentences of certain federal criminal defendants who have three prior
convictions for a “violent felony.” Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 257
(2013). Burglary is among the crimes included in the definition of a violent felony.
See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) (2012). Although Congress did not define burglary
in the Act, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that burglary means “the
generic sense in which the term is now used in the criminal codes of most States.”
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990). Generic burglary, the Court
explained, “contains at least the following elements: an unlawful or unprivileged
entry into, or remaining in, a building or other structure, with intent to commit a
crime.” Id.
¶5 A defendant’s conviction for burglary under state law qualifies as a violent
felony under the Act when the elements of the state burglary statute are the same
as, or narrower, than the elements of generic burglary. See Descamps, 570 U.S. at
257. For instance, the Court concluded that, when a burglary statute “eliminat[ed]
the requirement that the entry be unlawful,” the statute was broader than generic
burglary. Taylor, 495 U.S. at 599; see also Descamps, 570 U.S. at 261 (a state
statute that “ ‘defines “burglary” so broadly as to include shoplifting’ ” was broader
than generic burglary (quoting Taylor, 495 U.S. at 591)).
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¶6 In this case, based on Seventh Circuit precedent, the district court determined
that Illinois’s residential burglary statute was no broader than generic burglary.
Accordingly, it ruled that Glispie’s prior convictions qualified as violent felonies
under the Act. That ruling increased his sentencing range from a maximum of 10
years in prison to a minimum of 15 years in prison (and a maximum of life). The
district court sentenced Glispie to 15 years’ imprisonment.
¶7 On appeal, Glispie argued that the limited authority doctrine applied to the
residential burglary statute, rendering it broader than generic burglary. Thus, he
contended, his prior convictions did not qualify for purposes of the Act. The
Seventh Circuit agreed with Glispie that, if the limited authority doctrine applied to
the residential burglary statute, then his convictions would not constitute
aggravating offenses. Recognizing that we had never ruled on the doctrine’s
applicability to the residential burglary statute, the Seventh Circuit found that the
issue was likely to arise frequently and to affect the administration of justice in both
state and federal courts. See United States v. Glispie, 943 F.3d 358, 360 (7th Cir.
2019). Accordingly, the Seventh Circuit certified a question of law to this court.
We elected to answer it. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 20(a) (eff. Aug. 1, 1992).
¶8 ANALYSIS
¶9 At issue is whether the limited authority doctrine applies to the residential
burglary statute. 2 To resolve this issue, we must examine the statutory language;
accordingly, it presents a question of law that we review de novo. In re
Christopher K., 217 Ill. 2d 348, 364 (2005). “When construing a statute, this court’s
primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature.”
Lakewood Nursing & Rehabilitation Center, LLC v. Department of Public Health,
2019 IL 124019, ¶ 17. The plain language of the statute is the best indicator of
legislative intent. La Salle Bank National Ass’n v. Cypress Creek 1, LP, 242 Ill. 2d
231, 237 (2011).
2
“A person commits residential burglary when he or she knowingly and without authority enters
or knowingly and without authority remains within the dwelling place of another, or any part thereof,
with the intent to commit therein a felony or theft. This offense includes the offense of burglary as
defined in Section 19-1.” 720 ILCS 5/19-3(a) (West 2018).
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¶ 10 Yet “a court will not read language in isolation; it will consider it in the context
of the entire statute.” Carmichael v. Laborers’ & Retirement Board Employees’
Annuity & Benefit Fund of Chicago, 2018 IL 122793, ¶ 35. In addition to the
statutory language, it is proper to consider the reason for the law, the problem
sought to be remedied, the goals to be achieved, and the consequences of construing
the statute one way or another. Id. Further, when the legislature chooses not to
amend a statute after judicial construction, we presume that it has acquiesced in this
court’s construction of the statute and declaration of legislative intent. People v.
Johnson, 2019 IL 123318, ¶ 14. “We assume not only that the General Assembly
acts with full knowledge of previous judicial decisions, but also that its silence on
this issue in the face of decisions consistent with those previous decisions indicates
its acquiescence to them.” In re Marriage of Mathis, 2012 IL 113496, ¶ 25.
¶ 11 This court first applied the limited authority doctrine to Illinois’s burglary
statute in People v. Weaver, 41 Ill. 2d 434 (1968). In Weaver, the defendant was
convicted of burglary after he walked into an open laundromat, pried open a
vending machine, and removed money from it. Id. at 435-36. On appeal, the
defendant argued that, because the laundromat was open to the public at the time
he was apprehended, his presence there was as consistent with his innocence as
with his guilt of criminal intent at the time of his entry. Id. at 438.
¶ 12 This court observed that “a common-law breaking [was] no longer an essential
element of the crime of burglary.” Id. We also noted that the text of the burglary
statute required an entry that was both without authority and with the intent to
commit a felony or theft. Id. at 439; see 720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 2018) (“A person
commits burglary when without authority he or she knowingly enters *** a building
*** with intent to commit therein a felony or theft.”). Finding that the “authority to
enter a business building, or other building open to the public, extends only to those
who enter with a purpose consistent with the reason the building is open,” this court
held that an entry with the intent to commit a theft was not “within the authority
granted patrons of a laundromat.” Weaver, 41 Ill. 2d at 439.
¶ 13 Following Weaver, courts have consistently applied the limited authority
doctrine to burglary by entry of business buildings. For instance, in People v. Blair,
52 Ill. 2d 371, 374 (1972), we upheld the defendants’ convictions for burglary when
they entered a car wash “with admitted intent to commit a theft.” Most recently, in
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Johnson, 2019 IL 123318, we reaffirmed the limited authority doctrine’s
applicability to retail establishments. We observed that, if the “defendant had the
intent to commit a theft when he entered the Walmart, then, under Weaver, it must
necessarily follow that his entry was ‘without authority’ within the meaning of
section 19-1(a) of the burglary statute.” Id. ¶ 19; see also People v. Gharrett, 2016
IL App (4th) 140315, ¶¶ 53-55 (citing Weaver in affirming the defendant’s burglary
conviction for entering a private office within a public facility with the intent to
commit theft); People ex rel. McLain v. Housewright, 9 Ill. App. 3d 803, 806 (1973)
(“[I]t would be contrary to reason and ordinary human understanding to deduce that
the business invitation extended by the owners of the supermarket to the public
generally would include authority to enter for an unlawful purpose.”); but see
People v. Bradford, 2016 IL 118674, ¶ 25 (declining to extend Weaver’s analysis
to burglary by remaining).
¶ 14 We have also applied the limited authority doctrine to the home invasion statute.
In part, that statute provides that “[a] person who is not a peace officer acting in the
line of duty commits home invasion when without authority he or she knowingly
enters the dwelling place of another when he or she knows or has reason to know
that one or more persons is present” and “[u]ses force or threatens the imminent use
of force upon any person or persons within the dwelling place.” 720 ILCS 5/19-
6(a)(1) (West 2018). In People v. Peeples, 155 Ill. 2d 422, 487 (1993), we
considered it “established that when a defendant comes to a private residence and
is invited in by the occupant, the authorization to enter is limited.” We explained
that criminal actions went beyond that limited authority. Id.
¶ 15 Shortly thereafter, we reiterated that “the limited-authority doctrine is
applicable to private residences.” People v. Bush, 157 Ill. 2d 248, 253 (1993). We
reasoned that, had the would-be thief informed the occupant of his or her criminal
intentions, the thief would not have been allowed to enter the residence. Id. at 253-
54. Accordingly, this court ruled that “[n]o individual who is granted access to a
dwelling can be said to be an authorized entrant if he intends to commit criminal
acts therein.” Id. at 253; see also People v. Hudson, 113 Ill. App. 3d 1041, 1045
(1983) (holding that “without authority” has the same meaning under both the
burglary and home invasion statutes).
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¶ 16 In relevant part, Illinois’s residential burglary statute similarly prohibits an
entry into a building that is without authority. The initial version of the statute
provided that a “person commits residential burglary who knowingly and without
authority enters the dwelling place of another with the intent to commit therein a
felony or theft.” Pub. Act 82-238, § 1 (eff. Jan 1, 1982). At the time of its enactment,
the limited authority doctrine had been applied to the burglary statute for more than
a decade. Thus, the General Assembly was aware of how we had construed the
“without authority” language in the burglary statute, and it chose to replicate that
language in the residential burglary statute. Indeed, as this court later observed, “the
distinguishing feature between burglary and residential burglary is that to constitute
the latter offense the structure entered as described in section 19-3 must be ‘the
dwelling place of another.’ ” People v. Bales, 108 Ill. 2d 182, 189 (1985).
¶ 17 The General Assembly has amended the residential burglary statute multiple
times over the years, yet it has retained the phrase “without authority.” The current
version provides, in part: “A person commits residential burglary when he or she
knowingly and without authority enters *** the dwelling place of another, or any
part thereof, with the intent to commit therein a felony or theft.” 720 ILCS 5/19-
3(a) (West 2018). Again, the legislature was cognizant of the fact that the term
“without authority” in both the burglary and home invasion statutes incorporates
the limited authority doctrine. See Mathis, 2012 IL 113496, ¶ 25. Therefore, the
General Assembly’s decision to maintain the term demonstrates its intent for the
limited authority doctrine to apply to the residential burglary statute, as it does to
the burglary and home invasion statutes.
¶ 18 The rationale behind the limited authority doctrine applies firmly to residential
burglary by entry. As we observed in Bush, 157 Ill. 2d at 253-54, no homeowner
would authorize a person to enter her home if she knew that he intended to commit
crimes. See also People v. Fisher, 83 Ill. App. 3d 619, 623 (1980) (applying the
limited authority doctrine to burglary of an apartment after finding the logic of
Weaver “equally applicable to the matter before us”). That observation is as true of
residential burglary as it is of home invasion. Indeed, courts in Illinois have applied
the limited authority doctrine to the residential burglary statute for more than 30
years. See, e.g., People v. Walker, 191 Ill. App. 3d 382, 387 (1989) (upholding a
conviction for residential burglary where the evidence established that the
assailants entered with the intent to commit a robbery, and thus, their entry was
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unauthorized); see also Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 11.53A
(approved Dec. 8, 2011) (titled “Unauthorized Entry—Limited Authority
Doctrine—Home Invasion And Residential Burglary”) (“The defendant’s entry
into a dwelling of another is ‘without authority’ if, at the time of entry into the
dwelling, the defendant has an intent to commit a criminal act within the dwelling
regardless of whether the defendant was initially invited into or received consent to
enter the dwelling.”).
¶ 19 The Government raises several arguments against applying the limited
authority doctrine to the residential burglary statute. Noting that burglary at
common law required a breaking, the Government urges this court to construe the
residential burglary statute based on the common-law understanding of the offense.
However, as noted above, we recognized more than five decades ago that a
common-law breaking was no longer an essential element of the crime of burglary.
See Weaver, 41 Ill. 2d at 438. Consequently, the common-law understanding of
burglary does not factor into our analysis today.
¶ 20 The Government further argues that applying the limited authority doctrine to
the residential burglary statute would lead to absurd results. According to the
Government, if the doctrine applies to residential burglary, then cotenants may be
convicted of burglarizing their own homes. However, residential burglary occurs
when a person who lacks authority enters the “dwelling place of another” with the
intent to commit therein a felony or theft. (Emphasis added.) 720 ILCS 5/19-3(a)
(West 2018). Therefore, the absurd results that the Government references could
not transpire. Cf. People v. Taylor, 318 Ill. App. 3d 464, 473 (2000) (vacating the
defendant’s conviction where he did not enter the “ ‘dwelling place of another’ ”).
¶ 21 Decades after the residential burglary statute was enacted, the General
Assembly added the following provision:
“A person commits residential burglary who falsely represents himself or
herself, including but not limited to falsely representing himself or herself to be
a representative of any unit of government or a construction,
telecommunications, or utility company, for the purpose of gaining entry to the
dwelling place of another, with the intent to commit therein a felony or theft or
to facilitate the commission therein of a felony or theft by another.” Pub. Act
96-1113, § 5 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011).
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According to the Government, the General Assembly would have had no reason to
add subsection (a-5) if the limited authority doctrine applies to the residential
burglary statute because “the unauthorized-entry requirement under subsection (a)
could be met merely by a finding of criminal intent at the time of entry.” Yet, as
the Government itself recognizes, under subsection (a-5) a person also commits
residential burglary when she falsely represents herself to help someone else enter
the owner’s home to commit a felony or theft. 720 ILCS 5/19-3(a-5) (West 2018).
Subsections (a) and (a-5) do not make the same conduct unlawful; therefore,
applying the limited authority doctrine to residential burglary by entry as set forth
in subsection (a) does not result in surplusage.
¶ 22 In sum, we hold that the limited authority doctrine applies to residential
burglary by entry. The question of whether the doctrine applies to residential
burglary by remaining is not before us, and thus, we decline to answer it.
¶ 23 CONCLUSION
¶ 24 For these reasons, we answer the certified question in the affirmative, holding
that the limited authority doctrine applies to residential burglary by entry.
¶ 25 Certified question answered.
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