People v. Hood

2014 IL App (1st) 113534FIRST DIVISION
October 6, 2014
No. 1-11-3534
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 07 CR 14515
)
TERRY HOOD, ) Honorable
) Lawrence E. Flood,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Delort concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice Connors dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 A jury convicted defendant, Terry Hood, of aggravated battery to a senior citizen causing
great bodily harm. Prior to trial, the State conducted an evidence deposition of the complaining
witness pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 414 in which the witness identified defendant as
his attacker. Ill. S. Ct. R. 414 (eff. Oct. 1, 1971). Defense counsel attended the deposition, and
conducted cross-examination, but defendant did not attend. Over six months after the deposition,
the State informed the circuit court that the defense had waived defendant's appearance at the
deposition, but that the waiver did not appear on the record. Defense counsel agreed that she
waived defendant's appearance at the deposition.
¶2 Defendant asks this court to review, under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine,
whether he knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to confront the witness against him at the
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evidence deposition. We hold defendant has satisfied his burden of proving plain error because
he has shown that he did not knowingly or voluntarily waive his confrontation rights and that his
claim of error involved a substantial right, i.e., his right to confront the witness against him as
guaranteed by both the federal and state constitutions.
¶3 JURISDICTION
¶4 The circuit court sentenced defendant on October 19, 2011. On that same day, defendant
timely filed his notice of appeal. Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to article VI,
section 6, of the Illinois Constitution and Illinois Supreme Court Rules 603 and 606, governing
appeals from a final judgment of conviction in a criminal case entered below. Ill. Const. 1970,
art. VI, § 6; Ill. S. Ct. R. 603 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013); R. 606 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013).
¶5 BACKGROUND
¶6 The State charged defendant by indictment with three counts of attempted murder, home
invasion, aggravated battery, aggravated unlawful restraint, and aggravated battery of a senior
citizen in connection to a battery inflicted upon 69-year-old Robert Bishop, Jr., in May of 2007. 1
¶7 On February 25, 2008, the State filed a motion seeking to take an evidence deposition of
Bishop pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 414(a) due to the "substantial possibility" that he
would not be available to testify at trial due to the serious nature of the injuries he sustained. Ill.
S. Ct. R. 414(a) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971). The State asserted in its motion that it would "provide the
opportunity for confrontation and cross-examination of the witness to the defendant and h[is]
attorney." In response, defendant argued Bishop's injuries suggested that he was unable to
communicate and that the staff at the nursing home where Bishop resided "continuously
1
The parties in their briefs before this court each state that the incident occurred in 2008.
Our review of the record, including the indictment, however, shows that the incident occurred in
2007.
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documented that Mr. Bishop can only shake his head for yes/no responses." Defendant argued
further that although he did not believe that Bishop's condition would allow meaningful
cross-examination, he asked that the court determine, with the help of medical testimony, Bishop's
competency to testify according to section 115-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963.
725 ILCS 5/115-14(c) (West 2008). The circuit court granted the State's motion on March 10,
2008, "with one caveat." The circuit court explained that if Bishop could only shake his head to
communicate, then the deposition would not be admissible.
¶8 On March 31, 2008, Bishop's video deposition was taken in the presence of Assistant
Public Defenders (APD) Lisa Boughton and Crystal Carvellos and Assistant State's Attorney
(ASA) Sherry DeDore. Defendant was not present at the video deposition. 2 Bishop testified he
had been in the hospital and was then in a nursing home because defendant attacked him. He
lived on the first floor while defendant lived on the second or third floor. He testified that he had
occasional money problems with defendant. Regarding the attack, Bishop testified that defendant
hit him twice in the head with a hammer. He could not recall anything else. When shown a
picture of his bedroom, he identified it as the location of the attack. He identified a photograph of
the hammer found in his apartment as defendant's hammer. On cross-examination, Bishop
recalled meeting ASA DeDore on two prior occasions and that he had seen the photographs. He
testified that he had lived with defendant in the past. He also believed the hammer belonged to
defendant.
¶9 The circuit court held status hearings on April 1, May 1, June 9, July 17, August 27, and
September 25 of 2008. The parties made no mention of defendant's absence from Bishop's
2
The footage of the video deposition shows that neither party indicated defendant was
present and the parties agree in their briefs before this court that defendant was not present at
Bishop's video deposition.
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evidence deposition at any of the above hearing dates. On October 22, 2008, defendant, APD
Boughton, and ASA De Dore were present at a status hearing before the circuit court. The
following occurred at the end of the hearing.
"MS. DE DORE [ASA]: Judge, there was also a matter that
had not previously been put on the record. When we took the
victim's evidence deposition I had initially requested that the
defendant be brought over by the sheriffs. We had some
discussion, counsel and I, and apparently the defendant's presence
was not desired by the defense and therefore, I don't believe it's on
the record that his presence was waived by them at the evidence
deposition. I just want to make sure it's clear on the record.
MS. BOUGHTON [APD]: I don't believe I actually did put that
on the record, but I did waive [defendant's] appearance at the
evidence deposition."
¶ 10 On January 25, 2011, the State filed an amended motion in limine asking that Bishop's
deposition testimony be admitted as evidence as an exception to the rule against hearsay pursuant
to Illinois Rule of Evidence 804(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). The State argued Bishop had become
unavailable due to his injuries, which caused him to not be able to respond to questioning.
¶ 11 On April 7, 2011, the circuit court conducted a hearing to determine whether Bishop's
video deposition testimony should be allowed into evidence. Based on the medical testimony
presented at the hearing, the circuit court found Bishop to be an unavailable witness and granted
the State's motion.
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¶ 12 At trial, the State published Bishop's videotaped evidence deposition to the jury. The
jury found defendant guilty of aggravated battery of a senior citizen. On October 19, 2011,
defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which the circuit court denied. On that same day, the
circuit court sentenced defendant to 22 years in prison and denied his motion to reconsider his
sentence. Defendant timely appealed.
¶ 13 ANALYSIS
¶ 14 Defendant contends the circuit court violated his constitutional right to confront the
witnesses against him when it allowed Bishop's video deposition into evidence even though he
was not present at the deposition. He acknowledges that his counsel stated on the record at a
later proceeding that the defense waived his presence at the deposition, but argues that the record
does not show that he personally and knowingly waived his right to confront Bishop.
Defendant further admits that he did not properly preserve this issue for our review, but urges
this court to consider the matter under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine because the
error involved a substantial constitutional right.
¶ 15 In response, the State argues defendant affirmatively waived this issue because his
attorney declined the State's invitation to arrange for defendant to be present at the deposition.
The State agrees that defendant did not preserve this issue, but argues that defendant has not
satisfied his burden of proving plain error.
¶ 16 The plain-error doctrine allows this court to review a procedurally defaulted claim of error
that affects a substantial right in two instances: "where the evidence in a case is so closely balanced
that the jury's guilty verdict may have resulted from the error and not the evidence" or "where the
error is so serious that the defendant was denied a substantial right, and thus a fair trial." People v.
Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 178-79 (2005); see also Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) ("Any error, defect,
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irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded. Plain errors
or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the
attention of the trial court."). Defendant bears the burden of persuasion of proving plain error.
People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478, 495 (2009). Defendant must first, however, show that an
error occurred. People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 545 (2010).
¶ 17 A criminal defendant's right to confront the witness used against him or her is protected by
the confrontation clauses contained in both the federal constitution, by the sixth amendment, made
applicable to the state through the fourteenth amendment, and the Illinois Constitution. U.S.
Const., amend. VI "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right *** to be
confronted with the witnesses against him ***."); Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8 (amended Nov. 8,
1994) ("In criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right *** to be confronted with the
witness against him or her ***."). "The central concern of the confrontation clause is to ensure
the reliability of the evidence against a criminal defendant by subjecting it to rigorous testing in the
context of an adversary proceeding before the trier of fact." People v. Lofton, 194 Ill. 2d 40, 56
(2000). Included in the right to confront witnesses is the right to view and hear witness testimony,
and the right to help defense counsel with cross-examination. Id. at 60.
¶ 18 Confrontation errors are constitutional violations, but, as with other rights a defendant
holds, he or she may waive such a right. Id. at 61; People v. Stroud, 208 Ill. 2d 398, 402 (2004).
Although constitutional rights may be waived, "[t]here is a presumption against the waiver of
constitutional rights." People v. Campbell, 208 Ill. 2d 203, 211 (2003). For a waiver to be
effective " 'it must be clearly established that there was an "intentional relinquishment or
abandonment of a known right or privilege." ' " Id. (quoting Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4
(1966), quoting Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938)). Our supreme court has explained
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" ' "Waivers of constitutional rights not only must be voluntary but must be knowing, intelligent
acts done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences." ' "
Stroud, 208 Ill. 2d at 403 (quoting People v. Johnson, 75 Ill. 2d 180, 187 (1979), quoting Brady v.
United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970)).
¶ 19 We hold defendant has shown error occurred in this case. Prior to Bishop's March 31,
2008, evidence deposition, the record is devoid of any mention of defendant waiving his right to
confront Bishop, despite the State's indicated willingness to accommodate defendant as stated in
its motion. At Bishop's evidence deposition, which defendant did not attend, there is no mention
on the videotape that defendant had waived his confrontation rights. Over six months later, at a
October 22, 2008, hearing, the State informed the court that defense counsel waived defendant's
presence at the evidence deposition because "the defendant's presence was not desired by the
defense." Defense counsel agreed, stating "I did waive [defendant's] appearance at the evidence
deposition." The circuit court conducted status hearings on April 1, May 1, June 9, July 17,
August 27, and September 25 of 2008 where no mention was made of defendant's waiver of his
right to confront Bishop. Accordingly, as the above facts demonstrate, there is no mention in the
record of defendant waiving his confrontation rights prior to, at, or even immediately after the
March 31, 2008, evidence deposition. The record does not mention defendant's waiver until over
six months after the deposition had occurred, in which the State and defense counsel refer to an
alleged off-the-record waiver. Although constitutional rights may be waived, there is a
presumption against waiver and any waiver must be a knowing, voluntary act with awareness of
the consequences. Campbell, 208 Ill. 2d at 211; Stroud, 208 Ill. 2d at 403. Such a waiver must
also be shown to be an abandonment or intentional relinquishment of a known right. Campbell,
208 Ill. 2d at 211. Based on the record before us, we cannot say the requirements of a valid
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waiver of a constitutional right were satisfied here where there is no mention of defendant's waiver
until over six months after it allegedly occurred. There is nothing in the record showing that
defendant knew of his right to confront Bishop or the consequences of waiving that right or that
defendant acted voluntarily and intentionally in waiving that right.
¶ 20 Although defendant has shown error occurred here, he still must satisfy either one of the
prongs of the plain-error doctrine. Defendant raises his claim of error only under the second
prong of the plain-error doctrine, which allows a court of review to reach a procedurally
defaulted claim of error "where the error is so serious that the defendant was denied a substantial
right, and thus a fair trial." People v. McLaurin, 235 Ill. 2d 478, 489 (2009). Prejudice is
presumed under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine due to the importance of the right
involved. People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010). Our supreme court has described
a criminal defendant's right to confront the witness against him or her as "a fundamental right."
People v. Campbell, 208 Ill. 2d 203, 211 (2003) ("The right of an accused to confront the
witnesses against him is a fundamental right made obligatory on the states through the fourteenth
amendment."). Our supreme court has also, albeit in the context of a defendant's right of
presence at trial, described the right to confront witnesses as a substantial right. People v. Bean,
137 Ill. 2d 65, 82 (1990). Accordingly, based on the constitutional and substantial nature of
defendant's right to confront the witnesses against him, we hold defendant's claim of error in this
case concerns a substantial right reviewable under the second prong of the plain-error doctrine.
As such, defendant has satisfied his burden of proving plain error occurred in this case.
¶ 21 Although we hold that the requirements of a valid waiver of a constitutional right were
not satisfied here, we further hold defendant did not waive his confrontation rights pursuant to
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 414. Ill. S. Ct. R. 414(e) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971). Rule 414 provides
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that defendant and defense counsel may waive defendant's confrontation rights at a deposition
conducted under Rule 414 in a written filing. Ill. S. Ct. R. 414(e) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971) ("The
defendant and defense counsel shall have the right to confront and cross-examine any witness
whose deposition is taken. The defendant and defense counsel may waive such right in writing,
filed with the clerk of the court"). This court has held that it is error to admit evidence of such a
deposition without a written waiver. People v. Spain, 285 Ill. App. 3d 228, 240 (1996). The
parties agree that no written waiver appears in the record.
¶ 22 The State argues, and defendant admits, that defendant failed to allege noncompliance with
Rule 414(e) in his opening brief. Typically, this omission would result in a procedural default of
the claim of error. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) ("Points not argued are
waived***."); Ill. S. Ct. R. 612(i) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). In this case, however, our relaxation of the
forfeiture rule is based on a plain error affecting fundamental fairness of the proceeding. In re
Darius G., 406 Ill. App. 3d 727, 732 (2010). Furthermore, forfeiture is a limitation on the parties,
not the reviewing court. Id. We acknowledge that in People v. Glasper our supreme court held
that "[t]he violation of a supreme court rule does not mandate reversal in every case." People v.
Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 193 (2009). The Glasper court reasoned that the error in question in
Glasper did "not involve a fundamental right, or even a constitutional protection." Id. Rather,
"[t]he error involve[d] a right made available only by rule of this court." Id. In this case,
however, the right in question, defendant's right to confront the witnesses against him, is a
fundamental right. Campbell, 208 Ill. 2d at 211 ("The right of an accused to confront the
witnesses against him is a fundamental right made obligatory on the states through the fourteenth
amendment."). Therefore, we hold it is amenable to plain-error review. Accordingly, we hold
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defendant also did not validly waive his confrontation rights pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 414. Ill. S. Ct. R. 414(e) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971).
¶ 23 We note that our review of the entire record in this case shows there was sufficient
evidence to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This finding removes the risk of
subjecting defendant to double jeopardy. See People v. Taylor, 76 Ill. 2d 289, 309-10 (1979).
¶ 24 CONCLUSION
¶ 25 For the reasons stated, we reverse defendant's conviction and remand the matter for a new
trial.
¶ 26 Reversed and remanded.
¶ 27 JUSTICE CONNORS, dissenting.
¶ 28 I disagree with the majority opinion insofar as it finds that defendant’s absence from the
victim’s deposition amounted to second-prong plain error. Under the second prong of plain-error
review, the error must be so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and
challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.
People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). In People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173 (2009),
our supreme court equated the second prong of plain-error review with structural error, asserting
that "automatic reversal is only required when an error is deemed 'structural,' i.e., a systematic
error which serves to 'erode the integrity of the judicial process and undermine the fairness of the
defendant's trial.' " Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 197-98 (quoting Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 186). "An error
is typically designated as structural only if it necessarily renders a criminal trial fundamentally
unfair or an unreliable means of determining guilt or innocence." People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d
598, 609 (2010). The supreme court has recognized an error as structural only in a very limited
class of cases, including: "a complete denial of counsel, trial before a biased judge, racial
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discrimination in the selection of a grand jury, denial of self-representation at trial, denial of a
public trial, and a defective reasonable doubt instruction." Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 609.
Notably absent from this list is a defendant's right to confront the witnesses against him, let alone a
defendant's right to be present at a witness's deposition.
¶ 29 While the confrontation clause represents a preference for face-to-face confrontation, that
preference must occasionally give way to considerations of public policy and the necessities of the
case. People v. Cuadrado, 214 Ill. 2d 79, 89 (2005). In People v. McClendon, 197 Ill. App. 3d
472, 481 (1990), this court found that the admission of a witness's videotaped statement, which
defendant was not present for, did not violate defendant's right to a face-to-face confrontation with
the witness and thus did not amount to plain error. Here, as in McClendon, the victim was
unavailable to testify at trial, his deposition was taken under oath, and he was subject to
cross-examination by defense counsel. Accordingly, I would find that the admission of the
statement did not violate defendant’s right to a face-to-face confrontation with the witness and did
not amount to plain error. McClendon, 197 Ill. App. 3d at 483-84 (where the pathologist was
unavailable, his deposition was taken under oath, and the witness was subject to cross-examination
by defense counsel, the admission of the statement did not violate the defendant’s right to a
face-to-face confrontation with the witness).
¶ 30 While the court in People v. Salgado, 2012 IL App (2d) 100945, stated that the right to
confront witnesses is a substantial right under the second prong of plain error, there was no
accompanying analysis. Specifically, the court failed to acknowledge our supreme court's
discussion in both Glasper and Thompson, wherein it equated the second prong of plain-error
review with structural error. Additionally, the defendant in Salgado was absent from the
courtroom during certain witness testimony, which the court found was a violation of his
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confrontation rights. In the case at bar, however, it was not defendant's absence from the
courtroom that instigated this appeal. Rather it was his absence from an evidence deposition.
Moreover, the only reason why the victim was not subsequently in the courtroom at trial was due
to defendant's own wrongdoing. See People v. Stechly, 225 Ill. 2d 246, 331 (2007) (Thomas, C.J.,
dissenting, joined by Karmeier, J.) (defendant forfeited his confrontation rights because the
witness' unavailability at trial was caused by defendant's intentional criminal act). For the
foregoing reasons, I would find that defendant's claim did not rise to the level of second-prong
plain error and affirm the trial court's decision.
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