IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-2005
Filed October 15, 2014
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF ANGELA ELAINE LYMAN
AND TRENT ALAN LYMAN
Upon the Petition of
ANGELA ELAINE LYMAN, n/k/a
ANGELA ELAINE BODHOLDT,
Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning
TRENT ALAN LYMAN,
Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Wright County, Gregg R.
Rosenbladt, Judge.
A father appeals the court’s refusal to grant his petition to modify the
physical care provisions of the dissolution decree. AFFIRMED.
Kimberley K. Baer and Maureen C. Cosgrove of the Baer Law Office, Des
Moines, for appellant.
Mark D. Fisher of Nidey, Erdahl, Tindal & Fisher, P.L.C., and Monty
Fisher, Fort Dodge, for appellee.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
2
MULLINS, J.
Trent Lyman appeals the district court’s refusal to modify the physical care
provisions of the dissolution decree. He asserts the court should have granted
him physical care of the parties’ three children as he contends he proved a
substantial change in circumstances has occurred and he can provide superior
care. He also appeals the district court’s decision to modify the provisions of the
decree addressing child support, uncovered medical expenses, and tax
exemption. He claims the difference in the support obligation did not vary by ten
percent or more, making a modification of those provisions improper. For the
reasons stated below, we affirm the decision of the district court.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Trent Lyman and Angela Lyman, n/k/a Angela Bodholdt, were divorced in
April 2006. They have three children: twin boys, who were thirteen at the time of
the modification hearing, and a daughter, who was ten years old. The dissolution
decree provided for Angela to have physical care with visitation to Trent.1
Since the dissolution, both Trent and Angela have remarried. Trent’s wife
Genell has three children, who are close in age to the children at issue here and
the children reside primarily with Genell and Trent. Angela and her husband
Mike have no other children.
Both Trent and Angela continue to live in the same town. Angela
completed the education that was contemplated at the time of the dissolution
decree and now works a weekend shift, every other weekend, as a radiology
1
That decree was affirmed by this court. In re Marriage of Lyman, No. 06-0921, 2007
WL 1485207 (Iowa Ct. App. May 23, 2007).
3
technician. Trent is a veterinary research scientist and continues to work for the
same employer as he did at the time of the dissolution decree, though his
working hours have changed slightly.
The children are doing well in school and are highly involved in
extracurricular activities with no behavioral issues. They are in good health,
though the twins have sought medical attention for nocturnal enuresis. The
parents have had disagreements on the correct treatment for this condition.
Trent filed the current modification action in July 2012, seeking physical
care of the three children. He asserted Angela’s temper has been escalating
over time establishing a substantial change in circumstances justifying placing
the physical care of the children with him. Trial was conducted in October 2013.
The court heard testimony from the twins, who expressed a desire to live
with their father. They described that their mother would scream and yell at
them. One of the boys described his mother as “crazy” and “hurtful.” They also
described incidents of physical aggression with their mother, but none of the
incidents would qualify as physical abuse.2
They also described a recent incident where they decided to “run away”
from their mother’s house to their father’s house. The boys left their mother a
note and called their father as they walked to their father’s house. Trent had
2
There was one reported child abuse assessment involving one of the twins and Angela.
The assessment was initially classified as confirmed but not placed on the abuse
registry. However, after an agency appeal, the parties reached a settlement, the
assessment was changed to “not confirmed,” and the case was dismissed. While this
appeal was concluded after the modification action, pursuant to an order of our supreme
court, we take judicial notice of the agency order implementing the settlement agreement
and dismissing the appeal.
4
Genell pick them up as they walked down the road and take them to his home.
Angela called law enforcement to intervene, but the boys refused to go home.
The boys eventually returned to Angela’s house the following day. One of the
twins “ran away” to his father’s house a short time later after an altercation with
Angela. The police became involved again, and the child returned to Angela’s
home the next day after school.
In contrast, the twins describe their father as reasonable and not showing
anger. However, all the children have been witness to, and been embarrassed
by, verbal exchanges between the parents, particularly between Genell and
Angela. These verbal exchanges have occurred at the children’s extracurricular
activities and at a physician’s office. In addition, a multitude of emails, text
messages, and voicemail messages were submitted into evidence in this case
and showed the parties, particularly Angela and Genell, have a great deal of
difficulty working through daily issues such as medical appointments, visitation
adjustments, clothing exchanges, and extracurricular involvement.
In addition to hearing from the parties and their spouses, the court also
heard testimony from those who work with Angela, Angela’s friends and
acquaintances, and the law enforcement personnel who were involved when the
twins ran away. No other person indicated they had observed Angela have any
anger or temper issues.
The court also accepted the deposition testimony and report of Dr. Carroll
Roland, who evaluated the children and Trent’s parenting skills. Dr. Roland did
not perform a custody evaluation or make a recommendation as to which party
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should have physical care. Dr. Roland did note the twins stated a preference to
live with their father and the daughter wanted equal time with both parents. The
testing administered to the children indicated their father as the “parent of
choice.” While the children reported to him “anger episodes” involving Angela,
Dr. Roland did not get any evidence from the children that he felt rose to the level
of physical abuse requiring him, as a mandatory reporter, to contact the
department of human services. There was also no indication that the children
were coached or encouraged by Trent to act out when at Angela’s home.
The court issued its decision in November 2013, denying Trent’s request
to grant him physical care. The court found the twins to be mature and articulate
for their age. While the parents have a tense and competitive relationship, the
court found their testimony truthful. The court found them to be competent,
capable parents who were very involved with and concerned about their
children’s lives and activities. The court gave the child protection assessment
little to no weight, concluding Angela was not intentionally abusive toward the
children. The incidents introduced by Trent to show Angela’s anger problems
were not persuasive to the court. “While Angela may be more temperamental
and emotional than Trent, when compared to the average person, her behaviors
are certainly normal and no cause for concern.” Looking at the evidence as a
whole, the court concluded Trent failed to meet his burden to prove a substantial
change in circumstances to justify a modification of the physical care
arrangement.
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However, Angela proposed increased visitation for Trent, and the court
concluded the proposed schedule was fair, reasonable, and in the best interests
of the children. Thus, it increased Trent’s visitation to twelve overnights a month
and alternating weekly visitation in the summer. This qualified Trent for the
extraordinary visitation credit on the child support. The court modified the child
support amount, decreasing it from $1039.00 to $957.24 per month considering
the credit and Angela’s current income.3 The court also modified the percent
division of uncovered medical expenses for the children in proportion to their
current incomes.4 The court later clarified the visitation schedule in a nunc pro
tunc order and also ordered Trent to pay $2000 of Angela’s trial attorney fees
based on the parties’ financial status.
Trent appeals claiming he had proven a substantial change in
circumstances, justifying a change in the physical care, and that the court should
not have modified the support obligations in this case.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
We review the district court’s decision on a petition to modify a dissolution
decree de novo. In re Marriage of Brown, 778 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Iowa Ct. App.
2009). We give weight to the credibility findings of the district court, but we are
not bound by them. Id.3
Angela did not have income at the time of the dissolution decree due to her schooling.
4
The prior decree provided Trent was to cover 100% of the uncovered medical
expenses after the first $250 per child was paid by Angela. Under the modified decree,
the parties share the uncovered medical expenses after the first $250 with Angela
paying twenty-six percent and Trent paying seventy-four percent.
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III. Physical Care.
Iowa courts will modify the physical care provisions of a dissolution decree
only when the party seeking the change has established a substantial change in
circumstances since the decree that was not contemplated by the court when the
decree was entered, that is more or less permanent, and relates to the welfare of
the child. In re Marriage of Malloy, 687 N.W.2d 110, 113 (Iowa Ct. App. 2004).
This is a heavy burden to carry because once custody has been established, it
should be disturbed for only the most cogent reasons. In re Marriage of
Mikelson, 299 N.W.2d 670, 671 (Iowa 1980). In addition to proving the
substantial change in circumstances, the petitioning parent must also show the
ability to offer superior care. Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct.
App. 2002).
The original decree in this case noted that there was some evidence
Angela had a “temper problem.” However, the court noted there was evidence
offered to rebut this allegation and that there was insufficient evidence to
convince the court that Angela’s temper was a “significant issue.” In fact, on the
appeal from the original decree we found the record showed “Angela has a
temper problem,” but agreed with the trial court’s credibility and factual findings
that, based on the entire record, Angela should remain the physical caretaker In
re Marriage of Lyman, No. 06-0921, 2007 WL 1485207 (Iowa Ct. App. May 23,
2007).
In this proceeding, Trent maintains Angela’s anger issues are “escalating.”
However, there is no indication in the record what “evidence” was offered at the
8
dissolution trial of Angela’s temper problem or what was offered to rebut the
allegation. So we have no way to know whether the behavior was “escalating.”
The district court observed that Angela was more animated during her testimony
than Trent, leading the court to understand why the children think Angela is less
calm than Trent. The court concluded Trent did not satisfy the burden to prove a
substantial change in circumstances. The allegations made at the modification
hearing once again failed to convince the district court that Angela should not
have physical care in this case. Upon our review of the testimony and evidence
in this case, we agree. There is clear animosity between Genell and Angela, but
we conclude this too falls short of satisfying the burden to prove a substantial
change in circumstances to warrant a modification of physical care.
Trent also challenges the court’s failure to give more weight to the
preferences of the children in this case to live with him as demonstrated by their
testimony, the testimony of Dr. Roland, and the actions of the twins in running
away from Angela’s home. While the twins are certainly of an age and maturity
level that their opinion on where they should live is a factor the courts will
consider, the preference of a child in a modification action is given less weight
than the preference given in an initial custody decision. See In re Marriage of
Thielges, 623 N.W.2d 232, 239 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000). The other factors Trent
cites in support of the modification action—his modified work schedule, the
location of his house in relation to the children’s school, and the children’s
relationship with Genell’s children—all fall short, independently or collectively
with the other factors, to prove a substantial change in circumstances.
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The district court found the children are in good health, all do well in
school, have no behavioral problems at school, and are involved in appropriate
extracurricular activities which are supported by all four parental figures. We
emphasize that one seeking to modify custody must carry a heavier burden of
proof than is required in an initial custody determination because once custody
has been established it should be disturbed for only the most cogent reasons.
Mikelson, 299 N.W.2d at 671. We find there are no cogent reasons to disturb the
current custodial arrangement and agree with the district court that there is a lack
of proof of a substantial change in circumstances. Accordingly, we need not
address whether Trent proved he could provide superior care.
As the burden to justify modifying the visitation schedule is lower than the
burden to modify the physical care provision, the court was justified in modifying
the visitation in this case to increase Trent’s time with the children. See Brown,
778 N.W.2d at 51 (noting the “different, less demanding burden” applicable to
actions seeking to modify the visitation provisions in a dissolution decree—the
parent must establish a “material change in circumstances” making the
modification of visitation in the best interests of the children). The children clearly
desire more time with their father, and Angela conceded at trial that additional
time with Trent was in the children’s best interests. We agree with the court’s
refusal to modify the physical care provision of the dissolution decree and agree
with its decision to increase Trent’s visitation.
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IV. Child Support.
Next, Trent claims on appeal the district court should not have modified
the dissolution decree provisions governing child support, uncovered medical
expenses, and tax exemptions. He claims that in order to modify these
provisions there must first be a ten percent increase or decrease in the amount of
support under the child support guidelines. He cites Iowa Code section
598.21C(2)(a) (2011) for this proposition. Because the new support amount
($957.24) did not deviate by ten percent from the prior support amount
($1039.00) he claims any modification of the support, uncovered medical
expenses, or tax exemptions was improper.
In order to modify child support, there must be a “substantial change in
circumstances.” In re Marriage of Mihm, 842 N.W.2d 378, 381 (Iowa 2014)
(citing Iowa Code § 598.21C). Section 598.21C provides, in part:
1. Criteria for modification. Subject to 28 U.S.C. § 1738B, the court
may subsequently modify child, spousal, or medical support orders
when there is a substantial change in circumstances. In
determining whether there is a substantial change in
circumstances, the court shall consider the following:
a. Changes in the employment, earning capacity, income, or
resources of a party.
b. Receipt by a party of an inheritance, pension, or other gift.
c. Changes in the medical expenses of a party.
d. Changes in the number or needs of dependents of a
party.
e. Changes in the physical, mental, or emotional health of a
party.
f. Changes in the residence of a party.
g. Remarriage of a party.
h. Possible support of a party by another person.
i. Changes in the physical, emotional, or educational needs
of a child whose support is governed by the order.
j. Contempt by a party of existing orders of court.
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k. Entry of a dispositional or permanency order in juvenile
court pursuant to chapter 232 placing custody or physical care of a
child with a party who is obligated to pay support for a child. Any
filing fees or court costs for a modification filed or ordered pursuant
to this paragraph are waived.
l. Other factors the court determines to be relevant in an
individual case.
Subsection 2 of Iowa Code section 598.21C provides, in part:
2. Additional criteria for modification of child support orders.
a. Subject to 28 U.S.C. § 1738B, but notwithstanding
subsection 1, a substantial change of circumstances exists when
the court order for child support varies by ten percent or more from
the amount which would be due pursuant to the most current child
support guidelines established pursuant to section 598.21B
(Emphasis added.) Subsection 1 articulates the various factors the court is to
consider in determining whether a substantial change in circumstances exists to
modify the child support. Subsection 2 provides that, notwithstanding subsection
1, a substantial change in circumstances will exist if there is a ten percent
variation in the amount of support due under the current guidelines. We interpret
these two subsections together to conclude a ten percent variation is not
mandatory for a substantial change in circumstances to exist, but it is certainly
sufficient by itself. To interpret these code sections as Trent contends—a ten
percent variation is always required to modify child support—would render
subsection 1 meaningless. See In re Estate of Melby, 841 N.W.2d 867, 879
(Iowa 2014) (“When construing statutes, we assess not just isolated words and
phrases, but statutes in their entirety, and we avoid constructions rendering parts
of a statute redundant, irrelevant, or absurd.”). We reject such an interpretation
and conclude that the district court was justified in modifying the child support,
uncovered medical expenses, and tax exemption provisions despite the lack of a
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ten percent variation so long as a substantial change in circumstances existed
under section 598.21C(1). See Mihm, 842 N.W.2d at 385 (noting modification
can be based on “an evaluation of changed circumstances or the ten percent
deviation”).
Here, Angela claims on appeal a substantial change in circumstances did
exist to justify the modification in light of both parties’ remarriages (section
598.21C(1)(g)), her employment which she did not have at the time of the
dissolution decree (section 598.21C(1)(a)), and the addition of Genell’s three
children into Trent’s household (section 598.21C(1)(d)). She also claims the
children’s extracurricular expenses have substantially increased since the
dissolution decree (section 598.21C(1)(d)).
In his initial brief, Trent did not challenge the conclusion that a substantial
change in circumstances existed in this case.5 Angela now has income, his
income increased substantially, both parties have remarried, and Trent now lives
with, and arguably supports, his current wife’s three children. Also, he was
granted additional visitation and now qualifies for the extraordinary visitation
credit. The net effect of the application of the guidelines to the facts of the case
actually reduced Trent’s child support obligation by approximately eighty dollars
per month. We conclude the modification of the amount of the child support was
warranted in this case.
Further, Trent asserts that the “equities do not weigh in favor of granting
Angela additional tax exemptions or a lesser percentage for uncovered medical
5
He raised the issue for the first time in his reply brief. We will not consider issues first
raised in a reply brief. State v. Walker, 574 N.W.2d 280, 288 (Iowa 1998).
13
expenses when her overnights with the children will be decreased and Trent will
incur more costs caring for the children.
We begin by noting Angela was not granted a “lesser percentage of
uncovered medical expenses” as Trent claims. In fact, her percentage went up.
The dissolution decree provided Trent would cover 100% of the uncovered
medical expenses after the first $250 per child in light of the fact Angela had no
income at the time. Under the modification, Trent now pays only seventy-four
percent of the uncovered medical expenses after the first $250 per child, and
Angela now pays twenty-six percent. This is in proportion to the parties’ net
income, and we find it equitable in this case.
The prior dissolution decree provided Trent with all three tax exemptions
in light of the fact Angela was not working, and thus, she could not take
advantage of any tax benefit. The modification provided each party with one tax
exemption and then ordered the parties to alternate, on a yearly basis, the third
tax exemption. In light of the fact Angela is now working and has the ability to
take advantage of the tax savings from a tax exemption, we conclude the
modification ordered was equitable.
V. Attorney Fees and Costs.
Finally, Trent challenges the district court’s decision to award $2000 in trial
attorney fees to Angela. We review a district court’s decision to award trial
attorney fees for an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Sullins, 715 N.W.2d
242, 255 (Iowa 2006). The trial court awarded the fees in light of the “financial
status of both parties.” We find no abuse of discretion in this decision.
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Angela also requests an award of appellate attorney fees, which Trent
claims should be denied. The award of appellate attorney fees rests in our
discretion, and we consider “the needs of the party seeking the award, the ability
of the other party to pay, and the relative merits of the appeal.” Id. Angela’s
attorney submitted an affidavit asserting approximately $9700 was incurred for
the appeal. In light of the fact that Angela was forced to defend the district court
decision and the relative merits of Trent’s appeal, we award Angela $2000 in
appellate attorney fees.
Finally, Angela filed a motion prior to this case being submitted to our
court seeking to assess $57.60 in costs against Trent. Trent had required that
Angela front this expense under Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 6.905(13)(a)
because she requested documents be included in the appendix that he
considered unnecessary for the determination of issues on appeal. After
consideration of the issues on appeal in relation to the documents requested by
Angela to be included in the appendix, we agree with Trent that the documents in
question were unnecessary to our determination. Angela is charged with paying
for the costs associated with including these documents in the appendix, such
expense having already been paid by Angela. All other costs on appeal are
assessed to Trent.
VI. Conclusion.
We affirm the district court’s decision denying Trent’s request to modify
the physical care but granting a modification of the visitation, child support,
uncovered medical expenses, and tax exemptions. We award Angela $2000
15
appellate attorney fees, assess $57.60 costs to Angela, and assess all remaining
costs to Trent.
AFFIRMED.