Lincoln v. General Motors Corp.

607 N.W.2d 73 (2000) 461 Mich. 483

Arthur L. LINCOLN, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee, and
Second Injury Fund, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 113063, Calendar No. 4.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Argued November 8, 1999. Decided March 8, 2000.

Kelman, Loria, Simpson, Will, Harvey & Thompson (by Ann Curry Thompson ), Detroit, MI and Randall K. Caryl, Flint, MI, for the plaintiff-appellee.

Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Morrison Zack and Ray W. Cardew, Jr., Assistant Attorneys General, and Gerald M. Marcinkoski, Special Assistant Attorney General, Detroit, MI, for Second Injury Fund (Total and Permanent Disability Provisions).

Martin L. Critchell, Detroit, MI and J. Walker Henry, Detroit, MI, amicus curiae, for Michigan Manufacturers Association and Michigan Self-Insurers Association.

Opinion

PER CURIAM.

The plaintiff is a disabled worker whose benefits are in dispute, as the result of a series of statutory amendments and judicial decisions. The Court of Appeals affirmed a decision of the Worker's Compensation Appellate Commission, which granted the contested benefits. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, for the reasons stated by the concurring member of the Court of Appeals panel.

I

In 1966, the plaintiff suffered serious leg injuries in the course of his employment at a General Motors plant in Flint. These injuries left him totally and permanently disabled.

A person who has lost the industrial use of both legs is presumed to be disabled for a period of eight hundred weeks. This presumption, now stated in M.C.L. § 418.361(3)(g), 418.351(1); MSA 17.237(361)(3)(g), 17.237(351)(1), was in effect at the time the plaintiff became disabled.^[1] After the eight hundred weeks had passed, he continued to collect basic weekly benefits from his employer, and also differential benefits from the Second Injury Fund (SIF), as now provided in M.C.L. § 418.521(2); MSA 17.237(521)(2).

In Eva King v. State Second Injury Fund, 382 Mich. 480, 170 N.W.2d 1 (1969), this Court considered the effect of certain statutory amendments on the differential benefits available to persons who were permanently and totally disabled.^[2] The plaintiff is one of a group of benefit recipients whose situation was governed by King, and he is thus said to be one of "the Eva King people."^[3]

The special status of Eva King people was later codified by 1980 PA 357, which added M.C.L. § 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2).^[4] This measure provides:

A totally and permanently disabled employee whose date of injury preceded July 1, 1968, is entitled to the compensation under this act that was payable to the employee immediately before the effective date of this subsection, or compensation equal to 50% of the state average weekly wage as last determined under [MCL 418.355; MSA 17.237(355)], whichever is greater.

In 1968, the Legislature enacted a provision that reduces benefits by five percent each year from a person's sixty-fifth birthday until the seventy-fifth birthday. The section took effect July 1, 1968,^[5] and is now found in M.C.L. § 418.357(1); MSA 17.237(357)(1). It reads:

When an employee who is receiving weekly payments or is entitled to weekly payments reaches or has reached or passed the age of 65, the weekly payments for each year following his or her sixty-fifth birthday shall be reduced by 5% of the weekly payment paid or payable at age 65, but not to less than 50% of the weekly benefit paid or payable at age 65, so that on his or her seventy-fifth birthday the weekly payments shall have been reduced by 50%; after which there shall not be a further reduction for the duration of the employee's life. Weekly payments shall not be reduced below the minimum weekly benefit as provided in this act.

An issue soon arose regarding whether Eva King people were subject to these age-related reductions. Initially, the SIF assumed that the reductions applied only to persons injured on or after the effective date of the new measure (July 1, 1968) and that they were thus inapplicable to the Eva King people. However, the Court of Appeals held in 1982 that the reductions were applicable. Lopez v. Flower Basket Nursery, 122 Mich.App. 680, 687-689, 332 N.W.2d 630 (1982).

The SIF responded to Lopez by applying the age-related reductions to all surviving Eva King people. It also attempted to recoup a portion of what appeared to have been overpayments to these claimants.^[6]

Without further appellate guidance, the SIF also concluded that payments to these claimants could not fall below a floor set by M.C.L. § 418.356(3); MSA 17.237(356)(3), which now provides:

The minimum weekly benefit for 1 or more losses stated in [MCL 418.361(2), (3); MSA 17.237(361)(2), (3)] shall be 25% of the state average weekly wage as determined under [MCL 418.355; MSA 17.237(355) ].

This approach was challenged by some of the Eva King people, but most accepted without protest the SIF's handling of this matter in the wake of Lopez.

One of the persons who challenged the approach taken by the SIF persuaded the Court of Appeals that it had erred in Lopez by holding that the age-related reduction could be applied to the Eva King people. Wozniak v. General Motors Corp., 198 Mich.App. 172, 497 N.W.2d 562 (1993). In that decision, usually called Wozniak I, the Court of Appeals also ruled that the Eva King people had the benefit of the fifty-percent benefit floor of M.C.L. § 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2), rather than the twenty-five-percent floor found in M.C.L. § 418.356(3); MSA 17.237(356)(3).

The SIF did not appeal Wozniak I. Instead, it increased differential benefit payments for Eva King people to at least fifty percent of the current average weekly wage, as required by M.C.L. § 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2). The SIF refused, however, to compensate the Eva King people for the benefit reductions between the 1985 date when Lopez became final and the 1993 decision in Wozniak I.

This refusal was premised on several grounds, including the one-year-back rule of M.C.L. § 418.833(1); MSA 17.237(833)(1), the two-year-back rule of M.C.L. § 418.381(2); MSA 17.237(381)(2), and the belief that Wozniak I should not be applied for the benefit of Eva King people who did not seek the disputed benefits until after Wozniak I was decided.^[7]

In Wozniak I, the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the WCAC for further proceedings regarding whether the SIF's repayment obligation to Ms. Wozniak (who had protested immediately) was limited by either the one-year- or two-year-back rules. The eventual result was that the two-year-back rule was found inapplicable by the WCAC (the SIF did not appeal that ruling) and the one-year-back rule was found inapplicable by the Court of Appeals. Wozniak v. General Motors Corp. (After Remand), 212 Mich.App. 40, 536 N.W.2d 841 (1995). This is Wozniak II.

The panel in Wozniak II did not reach an issue that pertains to many of the Eva King people, including the plaintiff in the present case.

We decline defendants' invitation to decide whether [Wozniak I] should be applied retroactively to employees who did not object to the benefit reduction. [212 Mich.App. at 44, 536 N.W.2d 841.]

II

In 1993, the plaintiff filed a petition in which he sought recoupment of the benefits he lost during the years when Lopez controlled. On appeal from the decision of a magistrate, the WCAC held that the plaintiff was entitled to these benefits.

The SIF appealed to the Court of Appeals,^[8] which affirmed the decision of the WCAC. 231 Mich.App. 262, 586 N.W.2d 241 (1998). The majority concluded that, with regard to this plaintiff, "Wozniak I should be given full retroactive effect in favor of those who did not initially object to the reduction of benefits pursuant to Lopez." 231 Mich.App. at 269, 586 N.W.2d 241. In a concurring opinion, Judge WHITBECK agreed with the outcome, but employed a different analysis. 231 Mich.App. at 269-315, 586 N.W.2d 241.

III

Issues concerning the interpretation and application of statutes are questions of law for this Court to decide de novo. Mager v. Dep't of State Police, 460 Mich. 134, 143, n. 14, 595 N.W.2d 142 (1999); Hoste v. Shanty Creek Management, Inc., 459 Mich. 561, 569, 592 N.W.2d 360 (1999). Likewise, questions concerning the retroactivity of earlier judicial decisions are for this Court to decide de novo as matters of law. See, generally, Michigan Educational Employees Mut. Ins. Co. v. Morris, 460 Mich. 180, 189-197, 596 N.W.2d 142 (1999), and People v. Neal, 459 Mich. 72, 80-81, 586 N.W.2d 716 (1998).

The issue before us is whether to apply the holding of Wozniak I to this plaintiff, so that he can obtain the statutory benefits that were denied him in the years following the decision in Lopez.^[9] In resolving this question, we repeat what we said a few months ago in Michigan Educational Employees Mut. Ins. Co. v. Morris, supra at 189, 596 N.W.2d 142. In the course of deciding whether a 1993 decision called Profit^[10] should be applied retroactively, we explained:

In these companion cases, both defendants argue that this Court's decision in Profit should be applied prospectively rather than retroactively. "[T]he general rule is that judicial decisions are to be given complete retroactive effect.... [C]omplete prospective application has generally been limited to decisions which overrule clear and uncontradicted case law." Hyde v. Univ. of Michigan Bd. of Regents, 426 Mich. 223, 240, 393 N.W.2d 847 (1986).

Accordingly, the first question is whether Wozniak I overruled clear and uncontradicted prior case law. In turn, that leads to the question whether Lopez constituted a clear and uncontradicted ruling on the subject of these proceedings—the relationship among the three statutory provisions discussed in Wozniak I. M.C.L. § 418.351(2), 418.356(3), and 418.357(1); MSA 17.237(351)(2), 17.237(356)(3), and 17.237(357)(1). Since both M.C.L. § 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2) and M.C.L. § 418.356(3); 17.237(356)(3) were enacted by 1980 PA 357 and took effect January 1, 1982, it is understandable that the Lopez panel did not have occasion to discuss either subsection. However, in that light, it also is evident that Lopez can hardly constitute a clear and uncontradicted holding with regard to the issues resolved in Wozniak I. We therefore agree with Judge Whitbeck that "Wozniak I did not ``establish a new principle of law,' as prior case law has interpreted that phrase." 231 Mich.App. at 315, 586 N.W.2d 241.

In this Court, the SIF acknowledges that "Wozniak I did not overrule settled precedent," though the panel disagreed with Lopez. Arguing against retroactive application of Wozniak I, the SIF characterizes that decision as "unforeseeable." It also writes of its reliance upon Lopez and its fear that the administration of civil justice will be hampered by retroactive application. We appreciate these concerns, but disagree. The language of the controlling statutes was correctly interpreted in the Wozniak decisions, and we see no sound reason to depart from the normal course of granting full retroactivity to a judicial decision that interprets a statute.

In the end, this complex case must be decided on the basis identified by Judge WHITBECK:

Simply put, this issue here is not the type of first impression question that supports prospective application. As the Wozniak I panel found, [MCL 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2) ] is quite specific while [MCL 418.356(3); MSA 17.237(356)(3)] is quite general. Because the two subsections were once part of the same amendatory act, the legislative intent was manifestly clear: [MCL 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2)] established a minimum benefit rate of fifty percent of the state average weekly wage, or the benefit rate in effect on December 31, 1969, whichever is greater, for totally and permanently disabled workers, such as Lincoln, whose date of injury preceded July 1, 1968. The fund's internal and purely administrative determination to the contrary was in error and its persistent reliance on that determination was without support in the WDCA. Applying Blackstone's formulation,^[11] the interpretation of the WDCA in Wozniak I was always the "true law" and it must therefore be given full retroactive effect. [231 Mich.App. at 314, 586 N.W.2d 241.]

For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals and the decision of the Worker's Compensation Appellate Commission.

WEAVER, C.J., and MICHAEL F. CAVANAGH, MARILYN J. KELLY, TAYLOR, CORRIGAN, YOUNG, and MARKMAN, JJ., concurred.

NOTES

[1] The Worker's Disability Compensation Act (WDCA), M.C.L. § 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq., has been amended often. For the sake of clarity, we will present current statutory language, noting history where appropriate.

[2] King concerned amendments enacted in 1955 PA 250 and 1965 PA 44.

[3] An Eva King person is someone who was totally and permanently disabled before July 1, 1968. That cutoff reflects the effective date of 1968 PA 227, which repealed M.C.L. § 412.9(a); MSA 17.159(a), which in turn had formed the basis for the ruling in King. The Attorney General tells us that currently there are about 360 surviving Eva King people.

[4] MCL 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2) marked a legislative acknowledgment of the Eva King people. However, the effect of the measure actually was to reduce benefits that Eva King people would otherwise have received as the result of the current language of M.C.L. § 418.355; MSA 17.237(355) (from 1980 PA 357 and 1982 PA 32), which raised the maximum rate of weekly compensation to ninety percent of the state average weekly wage.

[5] This provision was enacted in 1968 PA 227, after an earlier version (1965 PA 44) was held unconstitutional in Brown v. Saginaw Metal Casting Plants, Chevrolet Motor Div., General Motors Corp., 68 Mich.App. 85, 241 N.W.2d 769 (1976).

[6] The SIF reduced the continuing payments until it had recovered a year's worth of the apparent overpayments. MCL 418.833(2); MSA 17.237(833)(2).

[7] Another potential defense relates to the fact that there are subclasses of Eva King people, and Ms. Wozniak (who was injured in 1964) and the present plaintiff (injured in 1966) belong to different parts of the larger group. As interpreted in Rotondi v. Chrysler Corp., 200 Mich.App. 368, 375-379, 504 N.W.2d 901 (1993), the age-related reductions of M.C.L. § 418.357(1); MSA 17.237(357)(1) do apply to persons injured on or after September 1, 1965. Of course, that would include the present plaintiff. However, because we find the fifty-percent floor of M.C.L. § 418.351(2); MSA 17.237(351)(2) applicable in this case, the practical effect of the age-related reductions appears to be slight or nonexistent.

[8] The Court of Appeals initially denied leave to appeal. Unpublished order, issued September 11, 1996 (Docket No. 194191). This Court then remanded the case for consideration as on leave granted. 455 Mich. 852, 567 N.W.2d 242 (1997).

[9] The SIF also continues to argue that the one-year and two-year-back rules limit its liability in this matter. However, we are satisfied with the analysis offered by the Court of Appeals:

Defendant fund argues that any retroactivity should be limited by the one-year-back rule, M.C.L. § 418.833(1); MSA 17.237(833)(1). However, this question has been conclusively [we would say "correctly"] decided in the successor case of Wozniak II, supra. A plaintiff's attempt to recover payments improperly withheld does not constitute an application for further compensation as defined by the statute. The two-year-back rule, M.C.L. § 418.381(2); MSA 17.237(381)(2), is inapplicable where the plaintiff has been receiving total and permanent disability benefits for an injury received before July 1, 1968. Brecht v. Save-Way Food Center, 407 Mich. 743, 288 N.W.2d 576 (1980). [231 Mich.App. at 269, 586 N.W.2d 241.]

See also 231 Mich.App. at 307, 586 N.W.2d 241 (opinion of WHITBECK, J., concurring).

[10] Profit v. Citizens Ins. Co. of America, 444 Mich. 281, 506 N.W.2d 514 (1993).

[11] 1 Blackstone, Commentaries (3d ed., 1884), p. 69.