Knopik v. Hahn

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
10/24/2017 08:11 AM CDT
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KNOPIK v. HAHN
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157A bbie K nopik, appellee, v.
Douglas D. H ahn, appellant.
Lance Greenwood, appellee, v.
Douglas D. H ahn, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed October 17, 2017. Nos. A-16-1125, A-16-1127.
1. Judgments: Injunction: Appeal and Error. A protection order is anal-
ogous to an injunction. Accordingly, the grant or denial of a protection
order is reviewed de novo on the record.
2. ____: ____: ____. In a de novo review of a protection order, an appel-
late court reaches conclusions independent of the factual findings of
the trial court. However, where the credible evidence is in conflict on a
material issue of fact, the appellate court considers and may give weight
to the circumstances that the trial judge heard and observed the wit-
nesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.
3. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Appellate courts give statutory language
its plain and ordinary meaning and will not resort to interpretation to
ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and
unambiguous.
Appeals from the District Court for Merrick County:
R achel A. Daugherty, Judge. Reversed and remanded with
directions.
Charles R. Maser for appellant.
Paul A. Clark, of Clark & Curry, P.C., for appellees.
Moore, Chief Judge, and Bishop and A rterburn, Judges.
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KNOPIK v. HAHN
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157Moore, Chief Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Douglas D. Hahn appeals from harassment protection orders
entered by the district court for Merrick County finding that
the ex parte harassment orders entered against Hahn for the
protection of Abbie Knopik and Lance Greenwood are to
remain in effect until October 26 and November 3, 2017,
respectively. Hahn argues insufficient evidence was provided
to support issuance of the protection orders. Specifically, Hahn
argues his actions did not amount to a course of harassing
conduct, a statutory requirement for issuance of harassment
protection orders. Finding no such course of conduct, we
reverse, and remand with directions to vacate the harassment
protection orders.
BACKGROUND
On October 26, 2016, Knopik filed a “Petition and Affidavit
to Obtain Harassment Protection Order” pursuant to Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 28-311.09 (Reissue 2016) against Hahn. This peti-
tion was also made on behalf of Knopik’s 4-year-old son. On
November 3, Greenwood filed a “Petition and Affidavit to
Obtain Harassment Protection Order” pursuant to § 28-311.09
against Hahn, arising from the same incident. Greenwood is the
fiance of Knopik. Included in both affidavits were descriptions
of the alleged harassment that inspired the protection order
requests. The incident occurred on October 14, in front of a
residence shared by Knopik and Greenwood.
On the same day as the petitions were filed, the court entered
ex parte harassment protection orders. The order regarding
Knopik also applied to her son. Hahn filed requests for a hear-
ing on the respective protection orders.
A combined evidentiary hearing on both petitions was held
on November 14, 2016. Knopik and Greenwood each testified
during the hearing. Hahn did not provide testimony or any
other evidence. No exhibits were admitted into evidence.
Knopik testified that on Friday, October 14, 2016, at approx-
imately 9:30 p.m., Hahn was walking his dog, an “old black
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Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157lab,” on the sidewalk in front of Knopik and Greenwood’s
residence. Hahn had his dog on a leash. Knopik knew Hahn as
a neighbor and through church, and she recalled seeing Hahn
walking his dog previously. At this time, Knopik was standing
on her driveway speaking with another neighbor, an off-duty
sheriff in civilian clothes. Knopik and Greenwood received a
new dog earlier that day—a 11⁄2-year-old German shepherd,
weighing approximately 60 pounds. Knopik’s dog was in her
front yard, not on a leash. Knopik’s son and her 12-year-old
cousin were playing outside the residence.
As Hahn and his dog walked in front of the residence,
Knopik’s dog approached Hahn’s dog. Knopik called her dog,
but he did not respond. This was the first time Hahn encoun-
tered Knopik’s dog. Knopik testified that the dogs were not
aggressive and were simply “sniffing” each other. She grabbed
her dog by the collar to coax and lead him away. Knopik tes-
tified that her dog “was never out of control.” According to
Knopik, Hahn leaned closely toward the shorter Knopik, began
yelling aggressively, threatened to bring a lawsuit against her
for not having the dog on a leash, and called her a “bitch.”
Knopik told Hahn “to get out of [her] face” and led her dog
away. Knopik testified that when she turned around to walk
away, Hahn followed her onto the property and called her
names. Knopik confirmed Hahn’s actions caused her to be fear-
ful for her safety. She was also worried about getting her son
inside, and she was fearful for his safety.
At this time, Greenwood spoke up and told Hahn “‘you
will not speak to my fiancee that way.’” Greenwood was
standing next to the garage, at least 30 feet from Hahn.
Greenwood described Hahn’s demeanor as “hot-tempered”
during the incident, explaining that Hahn was “[y]elling pro-
fanity at [Knopik], talking in a loud manner, [and] threatening
with that lawsuit.” Greenwood confirmed being fearful for
Knopik’s safety.
Hahn told Greenwood that their dog should be on a leash,
to which Greenwood responded, “‘[g]et your cats on a leash’
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Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157just in a joking ma[nn]er.” Knopik said Hahn responded, “‘I’m
sick of your f-ing cocky attitude,’” charged across the drive-
way toward Greenwood, grabbed Greenwood by the sweat-
shirt, and punched him in the chest three times. Greenwood
described the punches as aggressive, leaving marks or bruises.
Greenwood testified that pictures were taken of the injury,
but they were not offered or admitted into evidence at trial.
Knopik testified that the other neighbor with whom they had
been speaking yelled and “said to knock it off or to get out
of here.” Hahn then left with his dog, walking to his resi-
dence. There were no further interactions between the parties
that evening. The incident lasted between 10 and 20 minutes.
Greenwood testified that no prior, similar incidents occurred
between the parties.
Following the testimony, the court found that Knopik and
Greenwood established a prima facie case. The court then
found by a preponderance of the evidence that “[Knopik and
Greenwood] have shown a course of conduct intended to intim-
idate them which served no useful purpose.” Specifically, the
court found the following course of conduct: “The argument
between . . . Knopik and . . . Hahn, the calling of . . . Knopik of
names of profanity, the turning or following her after she had
turned away, the continuing calling of names to her, the rush-
ing of . . . Greenwood, and the punching of . . . Greenwood.”
The court continued the ex parte protection orders as previ-
ously entered for a period of 1 year.
On November 14, 2016, the district court entered harass-
ment protection orders declaring that the ex parte harassment
protection orders issued on October 26 and November 3 shall
remain in effect for a period of 1 year from the date of the
respective original orders.
Hahn subsequently perfected this appeal.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Hahn assigns, restated, that the district court erred in find-
ing sufficient evidence to support ordering the ex parte harass-
ment protection orders to remain in effect for 1 year.
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Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] A protection order is analogous to an injunction.
Accordingly, the grant or denial of a protection order is
reviewed de novo on the record. Richards v. McClure, 290
Neb. 124, 858 N.W.2d 841 (2015). In such de novo review, an
appellate court reaches conclusions independent of the factual
findings of the trial court. However, where the credible evi-
dence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the appellate
court considers and may give weight to the circumstances that
the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted
one version of the facts rather than another. Torres v. Morales,
287 Neb. 587, 843 N.W.2d 805 (2014); Glantz v. Daniel, 21
Neb. App. 89, 837 N.W.2d 563 (2013).
ANALYSIS
Harassment protection orders are issued pursuant to
§ 28-311.09, which provides in relevant part:
(1) Any victim who has been harassed as defined
by section 28-311.02 may file a petition and affidavit
for a harassment protection order . . . . Upon the filing
of such a petition and affidavit in support thereof, the
court may issue a harassment protection order without
bond enjoining the respondent from (a) imposing any
restraint upon the person or liberty of the petitioner, (b)
harassing, threatening, assaulting, molesting, attacking,
or otherwise disturbing the peace of the petitioner, or (c)
telephoning, contacting, or otherwise communicating with
the petitioner.
The purpose and terms of § 28-311.09 are contained in Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 28-311.02 (Reissue 2016), which provides in rel-
evant part:
(1) It is the intent of the Legislature to enact laws deal-
ing with stalking offenses which will protect victims from
being willfully harassed, intentionally terrified, threat-
ened, or intimidated by individuals who intentionally fol-
low, detain, stalk, or harass them or impose any restraint
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Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157on their personal liberty and which will not prohibit con-
stitutionally protected activities.
(2) For purposes of sections 28-311.02 to 28-311.05,
28-311.09, and 28-311.10:
(a) Harass means to engage in a knowing and willful
course of conduct directed at a specific person which
seriously terrifies, threatens, or intimidates the person and
which serves no legitimate purpose;
(b) Course of conduct means a pattern of conduct
composed of a series of acts over a period of time, how-
ever short, evidencing a continuity of purpose, including
a series of acts of following, detaining, restraining the
personal liberty of, or stalking the person or telephoning,
contacting, or otherwise communicating with the person.
Hahn’s primary argument on appeal is that the conduct
described by Knopik and Greenwood does not fit within the
statutory definition of “[c]ourse of conduct.” Hahn emphasizes
that this was an isolated, one-time incident, occurring over a
short period. He argues that the statutes envision a course of
conduct akin to stalking and that they do not apply to situa-
tions such as occurred in the present case.
Knopik and Greenwood in turn argue that Hahn’s actions
qualified as a “series” of separate acts rather than one singular
incident, which acts occurred “over a period of time,” lasting
10 to 20 minutes. They further assert that Hahn displayed a
“continuity of purpose” of using violence and aggression to
express anger that the dog was not on a leash. Further, Knopik
and Greenwood point to the statutory language that acts over
a period of time, “however short,” may amount to a course
of conduct.
Upon our de novo review of the record, we conclude that
the district court erred in finding sufficient evidence to support
issuance of the harassment protection orders to remain in effect
for 1 year. While Hahn’s behavior was admittedly unsavory, it
did not amount to a harassing “[c]ourse of conduct” as defined
by § 28-311.02(2)(b) and applied through precedent.
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Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157[3] Appellate courts give statutory language its plain and
ordinary meaning and will not resort to interpretation to ascer-
tain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct,
and unambiguous. Schuyler Apt. Partners v. Colfax Cty. Bd.
of Equal., 279 Neb. 989, 783 N.W.2d 587 (2010). Section
28-311.02(2)(b) expressly provides that harassment requires
a course of conduct, which is defined in part as “a pattern of
conduct composed of a series of acts over a period of time,
however short, evidencing a continuity of purpose.” Further,
the legislative intent articulated within § 28-311.02(1) is that
the harassment protection statutes are meant to address “stalk-
ing offenses.”
The testimony offered at trial reflected the incident with
Hahn occurred within a span of 10 to 20 minutes on one par-
ticular day. No evidence of harassment prior to or after the
confrontation was presented. In finding that Hahn’s actions
amounted to a course of conduct, the district court split
this singular, short-term incident into separate acts. While
we recognize that the definition of “[c]ourse of conduct”
under § 28-311.02(2)(b) refers to a series of acts over a
period of time, “however short,” we ultimately conclude that
Hahn’s conduct did not amount to harassment as set forth in
the statutes.
Nebraska courts have found harassment protection orders
to be appropriate when the perpetrator stalks, follows, detains,
restrains, or otherwise harasses the victim on several separate
occasions. See, State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Lopez Wilson,
262 Neb. 653, 634 N.W.2d 467 (2001) (harassment protection
order granted after multiple occasions of harassment by attor-
ney); Yancer v. Kaufman, 22 Neb. App. 320, 854 N.W.2d 640(2014) (harassment protection order granted as result of con-
tinual harassing conduct by former boyfriend). See, also, Linda
N. v. William N., 289 Neb. 607, 615, 856 N.W.2d 436, 444
(2014) (stalking defined “to mean ‘the extensive, ongoing, and
escalating nature of . . . conduct’ showing intent to intimidate
the victim”); In re Interest of Jeffrey K., 273 Neb. 239, 728
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Cite as 25 Neb. App. 157N.W.2d 606 (2007). On the other hand, this court has affirmed
the dismissal of an ex parte harassment protection order by the
district court due to insufficient evidence that the defendant
engaged in an intimidating course of conduct. See Glantz v.
Daniel, 21 Neb. App. 89, 837 N.W.2d 563 (2013). In addi-
tion, appellate courts have reversed, and remanded the cause
with directions to vacate harassment protection orders where
there was insufficient evidence to satisfy the statutory defini-
tion. See, Richards v. McClure, 290 Neb. 124, 858 N.W.2d 841(2015); Mahmood v. Mahmud, 279 Neb. 390, 778 N.W.2d 426(2010); Sherman v. Sherman, 18 Neb. App. 342, 781 N.W.2d
615 (2010).
In the present case, there was insufficient evidence to show
that Hahn engaged in the type of stalking offense for which
the statutes provide relief. The evidence did not show a know-
ing and willful course of conduct, evidencing a continuity of
purpose; a series of acts of following, detaining, restraining
the personal liberty of, or stalking Knopik or Greenwood;
or telephoning, contacting, or otherwise communicating with
them. Although Hahn’s actions reflect a perhaps exaggerated
response to an unrestrained dog, they do not constitute the type
of stalking offense necessary to support issuance of a harass-
ment protection order.
CONCLUSION
Because there was insufficient evidence to support issuance
of the protection orders, the district court erred in ordering
that the ex parte harassment protection orders against Hahn
remain in effect until October 26 and November 3, 2017.
We reverse, and remand with directions to vacate the protec-
tion orders.
R eversed and remanded with directions.