Johnson v. McCarthy

[Cite as Johnson v. McCarthy, 2019-Ohio-3489.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Cheryl L. Johnson, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 17AP-655
v. : (C.P.C. No. 03DR-1429)
Donald McCarthy, : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellee. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on August 29, 2019
On brief: Wolinetz & Horvath, LLC, and Dennis E. Horvath,
for appellant. Argued: Dennis E. Horvath.
On brief: James W. Adair, III, for appellee.
Argued: James W. Adair.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
Division of Domestic Relations.
KLATT, P.J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Cheryl L. Johnson, appeals a judgment of the Franklin
County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, that denied her motion for
clarification. For the following reasons, we affirm that judgment.
{¶ 2} In a judgment dated November 16, 2005, the trial court granted Johnson and
defendant-appellee, Donald McCarthy, a divorce. In addition to determining custody and
support issues, the trial court also divided the parties' marital assets, including McCarthy's
IBM pension. At the time of the divorce, McCarthy's IBM pension benefits were vested, but
No. 17AP-655 2
not mature. The trial court found that the entirety of the IBM pension constituted marital
property. In dividing the IBM pension, the trial court ordered:
[Johnson] is awarded an equal division of the [IBM] personal
pension plan * * *. [McCarthy] shall promptly and fully
cooperate with the transfer of the one[-]half interests awarded
to [Johnson] in each of the above retirement plans to
[Johnson's] name via a Qualified Domestic Relations Order,
rollover or other appropriate instrument.
(Nov. 16, 2005 Judgment Entry – Decree of Divorce at 15-16.)
{¶ 3} Almost 12 years after the parties' divorce, Johnson moved for clarification of
the November 16, 2005 divorce decree. Johnson argued that the decree was ambiguous
because it did not specify the date on which the valuation and division of the IBM pension
had to occur. Johnson urged the trial court to interpret the decree as adopting the date of
McCarthy's retirement, December 31, 2015, as the date for valuation and division of the
IBM pension.
{¶ 4} In response, McCarthy contended that the trial court provided the date for
valuation and division of the marital assets, including the IBM pension, when it determined
that "[t]he duration of the marriage for the purposes of the valuation of the assets and
property division is from the date of the marriage, June 19, 1982[,] to the first day of trial,
September 19, 2005." (Nov. 16, 2005 Judgment Entry – Decree of Divorce at 4.) McCarthy
asserted that, based on this provision, the trial court unambiguously selected September 19,
2005 as the date for the valuation and division of the IBM pension benefits. Thus,
McCarthy argued, using the date of his retirement as the relevant date would constitute a
modification, not a clarification, of the divorce decree.
{¶ 5} In a judgment issued August 18, 2017, the trial court found the divorce decree
unambiguously designated September 19, 2005 as the marital asset valuation and division
date. The trial court, therefore, denied Johnson's motion for clarification.
{¶ 6} Johnson now appeals the August 18, 2017 judgment, and she assigns the
following errors:
I. THE JUDGMENT ENTRY – DECREE OF DIVORCE
DATED NOVEMBER 16, 2005, IS AMBIGUOUS WITH
RESPECT TO THE ORDERS FOR THE DIVISION OF
RETIREMENT BENEFITS.
No. 17AP-655 3
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS
DISCRETION WHEN IT MODIFIED THE JUDGMENT
ENTRY – DECREE OF DIVORCE TO PROVIDE FOR
DIVISION OF THE IBM PERSONAL PENSION PLAN AS OF
SEPTEMBER 19, 2005.
III. ASSUMING ARGUENDO THAT THE TRIAL COURT
PROPERLY CALLED FOR A DIVISION OF APPELLEE'S IBM
PERSONAL PENSION PLAN AS OF SEPTEMBER 19, 2005,
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION
BY FAILING TO IMPLEMENT A TRADITIONAL
COVERTURE FORMULA.
{¶ 7} By her first assignment of error, Johnson argues that the trial court erred in
concluding the decree unambiguously specified September 19, 2005 as the date for the
valuation and division of McCarthy's IBM pension benefits. We disagree.
{¶ 8} After a trial court issues a divorce decree, it lacks jurisdiction to modify the
marital property division unless the parties consent or agree to the modification in writing.
R.C. 3105.171(I); accord Colombo v. Chesser, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-278, 2018-Ohio-1477,
¶ 9. However, where a party asserts that an ambiguity exists in the decree regarding the
division of marital property, the trial court has the power to resolve the dispute over the
decree's meaning and enforce the decree. Colombo at ¶ 9; Ford v. Ford, 10th Dist. No.
14AP-954, 2015-Ohio-3571, ¶ 11; Cameron v. Cameron, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-349, 2012-
Ohio-6258, ¶ 11. A decree contains an ambiguity if it " 'is unclear or indefinite and is subject
to more than one rational interpretation.' " Murphy v. Murphy, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-1079,
2013-Ohio-5776, ¶ 37, quoting Rohr v. Williams, 7th Dist. No. 06 MA 171, 2007-Ohio-7207,
¶ 22. If the trial court finds an ambiguity, it must clarify and construe its original property
division so as to effectuate its judgment. Cameron at ¶ 11. If the trial court finds no
ambiguity, it must enforce the decree as written. Id.{¶ 9} In the case at bar, the parties did not consent or agree in writing to the
modification of the divorce decree. Consequently, Johnson sought a clarification of the
decree on the basis that the provision dividing the IBM pension benefits was ambiguous.
The ambiguity Johnson alleges arises from the divorce decree's failure to specify a
particular date for valuation and division in the provision awarding Johnson "an equal
division" of McCarthy's IBM pension benefits. (Nov. 16, 2005 Judgment Entry – Decree of
Divorce at 15.) No ambiguity exists, however, because the decree contains a provision
No. 17AP-655 4
designating the duration of the parties' marriage for purposes of asset valuation and
division.
{¶ 10} A trial court must specify in a divorce decree the dates it used in determining
the duration of the marriage. R.C. 3105.171(G). The duration of a marriage determines
whether property is marital or non-marital and establishes the appropriate dates for
property valuation and division. Liming v. Damos, 4th Dist. No. 08CA34, 2009-Ohio-
6490, ¶ 26; Alexander v. Alexander, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-262, 2009-Ohio-5856, ¶ 35, 37.
Generally, the valuation assigned to a marital asset is the asset's value on the date the
marriage terminates. Saks v. Riga, 8th Dist. No. 101091, 2014-Ohio-4930, ¶ 16. Although
a court may choose an alternate valuation date for certain assets, it must specify the date
and explain its reasons for choosing it. Meeks v. Meeks, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-315, 2006-
Ohio-642, ¶ 15.
{¶ 11} In this case, the trial court found the parties' marriage terminated on
September 19, 2005. The trial court, however, did not reiterate that date or specify any
other valuation date in the provision of the divorce decree that divided the IBM pension
benefits. Rather, the decree simply states, "[Johnson] is awarded an equal division of the
[IBM] personal pension plan." (Nov. 16, 2005 Judgment Entry – Decree of Divorce at 15.)
In such a situation—where the provision dividing a marital asset fails to specify a date for
valuation and division—the date of the marriage's termination controls. Keller v. Keller,
5th Dist. No. 18 CAF 01 0008, 2018-Ohio-3141, ¶ 18; Fernando v. Fernando, 10th Dist. No.
16AP-788, 2017-Ohio-9323, ¶ 8-9; Oberst v. Oberst, 5th Dist. No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-
452, ¶ 34.
{¶ 12} In Fernando, the trial court ordered the equal division of the parties'
retirement accounts but did not specify in the property division a date for the valuation or
division of the accounts. Id. at ¶ 9. Because the divorce decree stated that the parties'
marriage terminated on October 19, 2016, we concluded that the decree required the
valuation and equal division of the retirement accounts to occur on that date. Id. Likewise,
the Fifth District Court of Appeals has concluded that the absence of a valuation date in a
property award does not create an ambiguity in the property division where the decree
establishes the date on which the marriage terminated. Keller at ¶ 18; Oberst at ¶ 33-34.
In Keller, the court stated:
No. 17AP-655 5
Here, we find no ambiguity in the divorce decree. It states, "the
parties further agree that the parties shall divide equally all
retirement/employment benefits." * * * While the parties could
have agreed to a future date in the divorce decree, they did not.
As such, we hold the divorce decree unambiguously states that
the IBM and Nationwide pension plans are to be equally
divided, effective as of the termination of the marriage, on
July 31, 2015.
Keller at ¶ 18.
{¶ 13} Here, like in Fernando, Keller, and Oberst, the trial court ordered an equal
division of retirement assets, but failed to specify a valuation and division date in the
property award. Like the trial courts in the cited cases, the trial court here included in the
divorce decree the date on which the parties' marriage terminated, thus providing a date
for the valuation and division of all marital property. Consequently, applying Fernando,
Keller, and Oberst to this case, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding the
parties' divorce decree unambiguous regarding the valuation and division date for the IBM
pension. As the trial court found, the decree orders that valuation and division occur on
the date the parties' marriage terminated, September 19, 2005.
{¶ 14} In arguing otherwise, Johnson directs this court to the provision of the
divorce decree that divided McCarthy's Sears pension benefits and compares it to the
provision dividing the IBM pension benefits. With regard to the Sears pension, the decree
ordered, "[Johnson] is awarded an equal division of the marital share of the Sears pension
plan as determined by a coverture formula in the ratio of the number of years of
employment of [McCarthy] during the marriage to the total years of his employment."
(Emphasis sic.) (Nov. 16, 2005 Judgment Entry – Decree of Divorce at 15.) With regard to
the IBM pension, the decree ordered, "[Johnson] is awarded an equal division of the [IBM]
personal pension plan." Id.
{¶ 15} Johnson points out that, unlike the provision dividing the IBM pension
benefits, the Sears pension provision specifically divided the "marital share" of the pension
benefits. Id. According to Johnson, because the trial court excluded the word "marital" in
the provision dividing the IBM pension, the trial court intended that Johnson share in the
entirety of McCarthy's IBM pension benefits. Thus, Johnson contends, to capture all the
No. 17AP-655 6
benefits she is entitled to, valuation of the IBM pension cannot occur until the date of
McCarthy's retirement.
{¶ 16} We are not persuaded by Johnson's argument. The trial court emphasized
the word "marital" in the division of the Sears pension because McCarthy earned a portion
of that pension prior to the parties' marriage. McCarthy began participating in the Sears
pension plan on January 1, 1978, over four years before the parties' June 19, 1982 wedding
date. McCarthy terminated his participation in the Sears pension plan on June 12, 1997,
well before the parties' 2005 divorce. To ensure that it only divided the portion of the Sears
pension that qualified as a marital asset, the trial court expressly limited its division to the
"marital share." Id. The inclusion of the word "marital," therefore, does not imply that the
trial court intended Johnson to receive half of all McCarthy's IBM pension benefits.
{¶ 17} Johnson also argues that ambiguity arises because the decree ordered the
application of the traditional coverture method to divide the Sears pension benefits, but not
the IBM pension benefits. Johnson, however, is incorrect; the decree required both
pensions be divided in accordance with the frozen coverture method.
{¶ 18} Courts use both the traditional coverture method and the frozen coverture
method to divide pension benefits that are vested, but not mature, at the time of a divorce.
Application of the traditional coverture method begins with a calculation of the value of the
pension benefits at the time of the participant's spouse retirement. Cameron, 10th Dist.
No. 12AP-349, 2012-Ohio-6258, at ¶ 18; Thompson v. Thompson, 196 Ohio App.3d 764,
2011-Ohio-6286, ¶ 33 (10th Dist.). That value is multiplied by a traditional coverture
fraction, in which the numerator is the number of years the participant spouse was
employed during the marriage, and the denominator is the number of years of total
employment. Cameron at ¶ 18; Thompson at ¶ 33. The resulting amount is the marital
portion of the pension benefit. Id. The non-participant spouse then receives his or her
percentage share of the marital portion. Id.; Cameron at ¶ 18. The traditional coverture
method "allows the non-participant spouse to share in the benefit of any post-divorce
increase in the value of his or her unmatured proportionate share attributable to the
participant's continued participation in the retirement fund." Cameron at ¶ 19.
{¶ 19} Under the frozen coverture method, the value of the pension is "frozen" on
the date the parties' marriage terminates. Id. at ¶ 17. The pension benefits to the participant
No. 17AP-655 7
spouse are calculated as if the participant spouse had retired on the marriage termination
date, using the participant spouse's then-existing salary and years of service. Id.; Ford, 10th
Dist. No. 14AP-954, 2015-Ohio-3571, ¶ 14. The non-participant spouse then receives his or
her percentage share of those benefits. Ultimately, the non-participant spouse receives less
benefits under the frozen coverture method (as opposed to the traditional coverture
method) "because the nonparticipa[nt] spouse does not share in post[-]divorce increases
that accrue to the pension as a result of increases in salary or years of service." Archer v.
Dunton, 9th Dist. No. 29091, 2019-Ohio-1971, ¶ 11.
{¶ 20} Where a trial court awards a percentage of an unmatured pension to a non-
participant spouse as of the date a marriage terminates, the only permissible method for
determining the amount owed to the non-participant spouse is the frozen coverture
method. Keller, 5th Dist. No. 18 CAF 01 0008, 2018-Ohio-3141, at ¶ 21-22; accord
Cameron at ¶ 25 (recognizing that courts have held that, when a property award specifies a
date certain for the division of an unmatured pension, the frozen coverture method of
division applies). The traditional coverture method cannot apply because it defers
valuation until the participant spouse retires. Only the frozen coverture method permits
valuation of pension benefits on the date a marriage terminates. Thus, here, because the
trial court ordered the equal division of the IBM and Sears pension benefits on the date the
parties' marriage terminated, the frozen coverture method applies to both pensions.
{¶ 21} It appears that Johnson believes the trial court ordered the use of the
traditional coverture method to divide the Sears pension benefits because the trial court
required the use of a coverture fraction in dividing those benefits. Typically, a coverture
fraction is only used in the traditional coverture method. However, it also comes into play
under the frozen coverture method if the participant spouse's employment pre-dates the
marriage. "Where the participant spouse star[t]ed working before the marriage, the court
can apply a coverture fraction to determine the marital portion of the 'frozen' amount" of
pension benefits. Cameron at ¶ 17. In a frozen coverture fraction, the numerator is the
number of years of employment while the parties were married, and the denominator is the
total number of years of employment at the time of the divorce. Id.{¶ 22} Here, the trial court ordered the application of a coverture fraction in
determining Johnson's share of the Sears pension benefits because McCarthy began
No. 17AP-655 8
working at Sears prior to the marriage. Consequently, determination of the marital portion
of the Sears pension benefits required use of "the ratio of the number of years of
employment of [McCarthy] during the marriage to the total years of his employment."
(Nov. 16, 2005 Judgment Entry – Decree of Divorce at 15.) We recognize that the trial court
used the total years of McCarthy's employment, rather than the years of employment at the
time of the divorce, as the denominator in the frozen coverture fraction. However, because
McCarthy left Sears long before the end of his marriage, his total years of employment at
Sears was also the number of years of employment at the time of the divorce. Thus, in this
case, the trial court mandated the use of a coverture fraction to determine the amount of
benefits due to Johnson as of the marriage termination date under the frozen coverture
method.
{¶ 23} In sum, we conclude the trial court did not err in finding the provision
dividing the IBM pension benefits unambiguous. Accordingly, we overrule Johnson's first
assignment of error.
{¶ 24} By her second assignment of error, Johnson argues that the trial court erred
in modifying the judgment to provide for the division of the IBM pension benefits as of the
date the parties' marriage terminated. As we concluded above, the decree unambiguously
required the division of the IBM pension benefits on the date the parties' marriage
terminated. In so finding, therefore, the trial court did not modify the decree. Accordingly,
we overrule Johnson's second assignment of error.
{¶ 25} By her third assignment of error, Johnson argues that the trial court erred in
refusing to modify the decree to order the division of the IBM pension pursuant to the
traditional coverture method. The trial court, however, lacked the authority to modify the
property division it mandated in the decree. See R.C. 3105.171(I). Accordingly, we overrule
Johnson's third assignment of error.
{¶ 26} For the foregoing reasons, we overrule Johnson's three assignments of error,
and we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of
Domestic Relations.
Judgment affirmed.
DORRIAN and NELSON, JJ., concur.